Browsing by Autor "Alain Gioda"

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    L'eau et l'argent à Potosi (ancien Haut-Pérou puis Bolivie)
    (Société hydrotechnique de France, 1998) Alain Gioda; Carlos Serrano; M. G. Frey
    The mining city of Potosi located in the arid zone of the Andes range has an exceptional heritage of industrial arrcheology with a factory of silver mineral trituration, its mill and other hydraulic installations. However, the Potosi particularity is to keep efficient the water network built by the Spaniards between the XVIth and the XVIth centuries and especially a complicated tank system of twenty lakes. The Viceroy Francisco de Toledo ordered in 1572 these pharaonic works - the tanks are located between 4300 mand 4800 m above sea level - to adapt the production of silver to the diminution of the quality of the veins and so Toledo pushed to adopt an advanced technology comingfrom Mexico which needed important and permanent quantities of water: the ''patio''. So, all trituration factories - more than eighty in 1633 - were located close to the artificial channel, the so-called Ribera de la Vera Cruz which has been crossing the city since 1575. The Ribera became the economical center of the richest city in the World and the most populated town of America at the beginning of the XVIIth century (160 000 inhabitants in 1611). This hydraulic masterpiece was completely restored by the North-American engineer William E. Rudolph in the thirties to provide huge quantities of water to the factories during the tin mining boom. Actually, the Ribera still crosses Potosi and its water is used by thirty small factories of lead, silver, zinc, and tin.
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    Les ruptures de barrages dans le monde : un nouveau bilan de Potosi (1626, Bolivie)
    (Société hydrotechnique de France, 2002) Alain Gioda; Carlos Serrano; Ana Forenza
    Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image sizeThe Potosi (San Ildefonso) dam collapse on March 15, 1626 was one of the major hydraulic disasters in the world with 4.000 human lives lost, following Jansen (1980) and Schnitter (1994). However, these Authors only consulted a paper by Rudolph, an engineer who in the 1930s rebuilt and restored the Spanish dams (1573-1621) in Potosi. Rudolph's paper (1936) had been written just using the Arzáns's draft (1711) about the silver mining capital of the XVIth-XVIIth centuries (the Central Andes, Bolivia previously Peru). With more archival and bibliographic references, we propose a new estimation of the dam disaster with 2,000 lives lost or a little bit more. A catastrophic pollution by mercury (Hg) happened immediately after the dam burst because tons of the toxic chemical element (which was indispensable to silver amalgamation) are flooded into the Potosi canal. Following our estimation. 19 t of mercury were likely swept into Pilcomayo tributaries (Rio de la Plata basin). The mercury contamination was very high (48 mg/l Hg) knowing the dam storage capacity (400,000 m3) and that all the water was spilled in about 2 hours.