Browsing by Autor "Ana Forgiarini"

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CINCUENTA Y CINCO AÑOS
(Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2010) Ana Forgiarini
Formulation in Surfactant Systems: From-Winsor-to-HLDN
(2022) Jean‐Louis Salager; Ronald Márquez; Johnny Bullón; Ana Forgiarini
Formulation is an ancient concept, although the word has been used only recently. The first formulations made our civilization advance by inventing bronze, steel, and gunpowder; then, it was used in medieval alchemy. When chemistry became a science and with the golden age of organic synthesis, the second formulation period began. This made it possible to create new chemical species and new combinations &ldquo;&agrave; la carte.&rdquo; However, the research and developments were still carried out by trial and error. Finally, the third period of formulation history began after World War II, when the properties of a system were associated with its ingredients and the way they were assembled or combined. Therefore, the formulation and the systems&rsquo; phenomenology were related to the generation of some synergy to obtain a commercial product. Winsor&rsquo;s formulation studies in the 1950s were enlightening for academy and industries that were studying empirically surfactant-oil-water (SOW) systems. One of its key characteristics was how the interfacial interaction of the adsorbed surfactant with oil and water phases could be equal by varying the physicochemical formulation of the system. Then, Hansen&rsquo;s solubility parameter in the 1960s helped to reach a further understanding of the affinity of some substances to make them suitable to oil and water phases. In the 1970s, researchers such as Shinoda and Kunieda, and different groups working in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), among them Schechter and Wade&rsquo;s group at the University of Texas, made formulation become a science by using semiquantitative correlations to attain specific characteristics in a system (e.g., low oil-water interfacial tension, formulation of a stable O/W or W/O emulsion, or high-performance solubilization in a bicontinuous microemulsion system at the so-called optimum formulation). Nowadays, over 40 years of studies with the hydrophilic-lipophilic deviation equation (HLD) have made it feasible for formulators to improve products in many different applications using surfactants to attain a target system using HLD in its original or its normalized form, i.e., HLDN. Thus, it can be said that there is still current progress being made towards an interdisciplinary applied science with numerical guidelines. In the present work, the state-of-the-art of formulation in multiphase systems containing two immiscible phases like oil and water, and therefore systems with heterogeneous or micro-heterogeneous interfaces, is discussed. Surfactants, from simple to complex or polymeric, are generally present in such systems to solve a wide variety of problems in many areas. Some significant cases are presented here as examples dealing with petroleum, foods, pharmaceutics, cosmetics, detergency, and other products occurring as dispersions, emulsions, or foams, that we find in our everyday lives.
Formulation in Surfactant Systems: From-Winsor-to-HLDN
(2022) Jean‐Louis Salager; Ronald Márquez; Johnny Bullón; Ana Forgiarini
Formulation is an ancient concept, although the word has been used only recently. The first formulations made our civilization advance by inventing bronze, steel, and gunpowder; then, it was used in medieval alchemy. When chemistry became a science and with the golden age of organic synthesis, the second formulation period began. This made it possible to create new chemical species and new combinations &ldquo;&agrave; la carte.&rdquo; However, the research and developments were still carried out by trial and error. Finally, the third period of formulation history began after World War II, when the properties of a system were associated with its ingredients and the way they were assembled or combined. Therefore, the formulation and the systems&rsquo; phenomenology were related to the generation of some synergy to obtain a commercial product. Winsor&rsquo;s formulation studies in the 1950s were enlightening for academy and industries that were studying empirically surfactant-oil-water (SOW) systems. One of its key characteristics was how the interfacial interaction of the adsorbed surfactant with oil and water phases could be equal by varying the physicochemical formulation of the system. Then, Hansen&rsquo;s solubility parameter in the 1960s helped to reach a further understanding of the affinity of some substances to make them suitable to oil and water phases. In the 1970s, researchers such as Shinoda and Kunieda, and different groups working in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), among them Schechter and Wade&rsquo;s group at the University of Texas, made formulation become a science by using semiquantitative correlations to attain specific characteristics in a system (e.g., low oil-water interfacial tension, formulation of a stable O/W or W/O emulsion, or high-performance solubilization in a bicontinuous microemulsion system at the so-called optimum formulation). Nowadays, over 40 years of studies with the hydrophilic-lipophilic deviation equation (HLD) have made it feasible for formulators to improve products in many different applications using surfactants to attain a target system using HLD in its original or its normalized form, i.e., HLDN. Thus, it can be said that there is still current progress being made towards an interdisciplinary applied science with numerical guidelines. In the present work, the state-of-the-art of formulation in multiphase systems containing two immiscible phases like oil and water, and therefore systems with heterogeneous or micro-heterogeneous interfaces, is discussed. Surfactants, from simple to complex or polymeric, are generally present in such systems to solve a wide variety of problems in many areas. Some significant cases are presented here as examples dealing with petroleum, foods, pharmaceutics, cosmetics, detergency, and other products occurring as dispersions, emulsions, or foams, that we find in our everyday lives.
Optimization of Microemulsion Formulations with Linker Molecules
(2013) Lirio Quintero; Gianna Pietrangeli; Jean‐Louis Salager; Ana Forgiarini
Abstract Applications of microemulsion technology in the drilling and production industry have increased in recent years. Some of these applications include oil-based drilling fluid displacement to water-based fluid, near-wellbore remediation, well stimulation, enhanced oil recovery, flow-back recovery in shale gas wells, and cement spacers. Microemulsion formulations for these applications need to have high oil solubilization and very low interfacial tension, which is achieved with relatively high concentration of surfactants. High-performance microemulsion systems with lower surfactant concentrations are desired in order to optimize the cost of microemulsion technology applications. The reduction of surfactant concentration and cost could be achieved by introducing linker additives in the formulations. The addition of linker molecules enhances the solubilization property of microemulsions, which increases the hydrophilicity and/or the lipophilicity behavior of surfactants. Previous studies indicate that addition of a proper linker molecule could significantly increase the solubilization of the oil. The lipophilic linker molecules (e.g. long chain amines, acids, alcohols, phenols) increase the interactions between the surfactant and oil, although with some disorder to avoid formation of highly-organized structures and to decrease the viscosity. This paper provides a comprehensive discussion of work carried out to determine the influence of lipophilic and hydrophilic linkers in microemulsions formulated with anionic/nonionic surfactant blends. The interfacial tension, fluids compatibility, and return permeability evaluation of microemulsion formulations containing lipophilic linkers prove that these additives bring a significant improvement in water injection or crude oil production.
Performance Evaluation of Demulsifier Using the Optimum Formulation HLD Concept: A Practical Case Using Heavy Crude Oil Diluted in Naphtha or in Synthetic Aromatic Oil
(Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2022) Luz Meza; José G. Alvarado; Ronald Márquez; Ana Forgiarini
Summary Asphaltene-stabilized water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions can cause severe problems during oil production and transportation. These emulsions are broken by adding a demulsifying agent at a suitable concentration (CD*) to obtain the optimal formulation, with minimal emulsion stability (stability*). Herein, we studied, from a phenomenological point of view, the performance of two demulsifiers on W/O emulsion breaking with high asphaltene content. A very simple polyethoxylated nonylphenol demulsifier (6EO) and a complex commercial demulsifier (COD) were studied. The influence of the chemical nature of the oil phase on the performance of the demulsifiers was evaluated. The emulsion stability* and CD* values of W/O systems of heavy crude oil diluted in cyclohexane (Systems A and B) were compared to W/O emulsions composed by a heavy crude oil diluted in heavy naphtha or in an aromatic synthetic crude oil as the oil phase (Systems C and D). The results show that demulsifier performance improves significantly when the crude oil is diluted in heavy naphtha and in aromatic synthetic crude oil, obtaining unstable W/O emulsions (rupture time of 10−2–10−1 minutes). In the latter cases, the CD* value is significantly lower and with a wide area of low emulsion stability compared to systems formulated with crude oil diluted in cyclohexane. The mechanisms that generate this type of behavior are discussed and strategies to increase performance and robustness analyzed.