Browsing by Autor "Francisco Rothhammer"

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En torno al poblamiento de los Andes sur-centrales y su vinculación con la Amazonia
(2014) Nancy Orellana Halkyer; Macarena Fuentes‐Guajardo; José M. Capriles; Francisco Rothhammer
Bolivia is a key region for understanding human settlement in the South-Central Andes due to its geographical location, its ethnic diversity and its rich arc...
Pre-Columbian transregional captive rearing of Amazonian parrots in the Atacama Desert
(National Academy of Sciences, 2021) José M. Capriles; Calógero M. Santoro; Richard J. George; Eliana Flores Bedregal; Douglas J. Kennett; Logan Kistler; Francisco Rothhammer
The feathers of tropical birds were one of the most significant symbols of economic, social, and sacred status in the pre-Columbian Americas. In the Andes, finely produced clothing and textiles containing multicolored feathers of tropical parrots materialized power, prestige, and distinction and were particularly prized by political and religious elites. Here we report 27 complete or partial remains of macaws and amazon parrots from five archaeological sites in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile to improve our understanding of their taxonomic identity, chronology, cultural context, and mechanisms of acquisition. We conducted a multiproxy archaeometric study that included zooarchaeological analysis, isotopic dietary reconstruction, accelerated mass spectrometry radiocarbon dating, and paleogenomic analysis. The results reveal that during the Late Intermediate Period (1100 to 1450 CE), Atacama oasis communities acquired scarlet macaws (<i>Ara macao</i>) and at least five additional translocated parrot species through vast exchange networks that extended more than 500 km toward the eastern Amazonian tropics. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes indicate that Atacama aviculturalists sustained these birds on diets rich in marine bird guano-fertilized maize-based foods. The captive rearing of these colorful, exotic, and charismatic birds served to unambiguously signal relational wealth in a context of emergent intercommunity competition.
The Chipaya of Bolivia: Dermatoglyphics and ethnic relationships
(Wiley, 1977) Federico Murillo; Francisco Rothhammer; Elena Llop
Dermatoglyphic data on 15 traits (digital arches, digital radial loops, digital ulnar loops, digital whorls, I loops, Ir loops, H loops, H loops, III loops, IV loops, mainline C absence, total ridge count, a-b ridge count, atd angle, and mainline index) are presented for 141 Chipaya Indians of Bolivia. Ethnic relationships of these Indians to nine South American Indian tribes (Alacaluf, Atacameño, Aymara, Cashinahua, Chácobo, Chama, Chané, Quechua, and Sirionó) are explored by means of a genetic distance analysis using 21 alleles. Genetic distances are complemented with linguistic and geographic distances between the Chipaya and the other tribes. Genetic distances were found not to be significantly correlated with linguistic and geographic distances. Combining the information available, it is concluded that the Chipaya are most likely ethnically related to the Arawak speakers of the tropical forest.