Browsing by Autor "Giovana Gallardo"

Now showing 1 - 2 of 2

CONSERVACIÓN DEL PUMA EN EL PARQUE NACIONAL SAJAMA (BOLIVIA): ESTADO POBLACIONAL Y ALTERNATIVAS DE MANEJO
(Smithsonian Institution, 2009) Giovana Gallardo; Ángela M. Gaviria; Luis F. Pacheco; Manuel Ruiz‐García
"La depredación de animales domésticos por el puma en el Parque Nacional Sajama (PNS) genera un fuerte conflicto entre los intereses económicos de las comunidades locales y la conservación de esta especie. El objetivo de este trabajo es proporcionar información sobre el estado de la población del puma dentro de PNS y presentar las posibles opciones para atenuar el conflicto. El análisis de siete microsatélites del ADN extraídos de muestras fecales de puma, permitió identificar cinco individuos y según las estimaciones de densidad la población máxima esperada para el PNS es de 10 pumas adultos. Los pumas del PNS mostraron una alta diversidad genética (H=0.94) y un flujo relativamente alto de genes, en comparación con otras poblaciones del puma. Por estas razones, la caza de pumas dentro de PNS no debe ser considerada como una solución para el conflicto. Se sugieren las siguientes alternativas: 1) mejorar varios aspectos de las prácticas del manejo del ganado, 2) probar el uso de prácticas de condicionantes de aversión al sabor, 3) explorar mercados especiales para carne y fibra de animales domésticos del SNP (amigables con los depredadores), 4) eco-turismo selectivo, 5) remuneración económica por medio de proyectos ligados explícitamente a la conservación. Si no se toman acciones rápidas para resolver el conflicto, los ganaderos del PNS tomarán sus propias acciones que probablemente afectarán negativamente a la población del puma."
Predation of livestock by puma (Puma concolor) and culpeo fox (Lycalopex culpaeus): numeric and economic perspectives
(Asociacion Mexicana de Mastozoología A.C., 2020) Giovana Gallardo; Luis F. Pacheco; Rodrigo S. Ríos; Jaime E. Jiménez
Predation on livestock by wild carnivores represent large economic losses worldwide. Livestock predation by puma (Puma concolor) and culpeo fox (Lycalopex culpaeus) represents not only a problem for the Sajama National Park (SNP) management in Bolivian highlands, but also for the conservation efforts of these predators. At SNP we quantified: 1) The frequency of attacks by puma and culpeo fox on domestic livestock. 2) The effect of socio-ecological variables on the predation of livestock by these predators. 3) Estimated the losses of livestock due to other causes and compared these with the losses resulting from predation. We expected that the probability of a carnivore attack on a ranch would increase with higher livestock densities, lower abundance of wild prey, good habitat characteristics for carnivores, and low rates of husbandry and would decrease in smaller ranches and/or in areas near human settlements. We monitored predation and other causes of livestock mortality in 33 ranches for one year and estimated biomass of livestock and wild prey and monetary losses. Predators killed 183 livestock (2.3 ± 0.9 % of the animals/ranch) equivalent to $4,215 USD and averaging 21.8 ± 19.6 % of a family’s annual income. Another 354 domestic animals died of causes unrelated to predation (201 adults and 153 yearlings), averaging 4.3 ± 4.5 % of livestock holdings per ranch. The probability of puma attacks increased with ranch size, livestock biomass and distance to the nearest town but decreased with husbandry during the dry season, while their frequency increased with ranch area. The probability of fox attacks decreased with Bofedal area, livestock biomass and better husbandry during the dry season, whereas their frequency increased when wildlife biomass decreased. Although the losses due to predation were low, the impact on the herders’ economy was important. Stock mortality resulting from malnutrition, diseases, and accidents was twice as high as through predation. To reduce losses due to livestock predation and diseases, we advocate managing livestock by reducing group numbers, providing better veterinary assistance, increasing surveillance of herds during grazing events –especially during the rainy season– and through an adequate management of young animals in corrals.