Browsing by Autor "Hilde Spielvogel"

Now showing 1 - 20 of 81

A prospective study of early pregnancy loss in humans
(Elsevier BV, 2006) Virginia J. Vitzthum; Hilde Spielvogel; Jonathan Thornburg; Brady T. West
Absence of Work Efficiency Differences During Cycle Ergometry Exercise in Bolivian Aymara
(Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., 2004) Tom D. Brutsaert; Jere D. Haas; Hilde Spielvogel
This study tested the hypothesis that Andean natives are adapted to high altitude (HA) via high work efficiency during exercise in hypoxia. A total of 186 young males and females were tested in Bolivia, comprising eight different subject groups. Groups were identified based on gender, ancestry (Aymara vs. European), altitude of birth (highlands vs. lowlands), and the altitude where tested (420, 3600, 3850 m). This design allows partitioning of ancestral (i.e., genetic) and developmental effects. To minimize measurement error, subjects were given two submaximal exercise tests on a cycle ergometer (on separate days). Each test consisted of four 5-min work bouts (levels), each separated by a 5-min rest period. For all groups, the oxygen consumption (V(O2))-work rate relationship was not different from the sea-level reference. Gross and net efficiencies (GE and NE) were not different between groups at any work level, with the exception of European men born in the lowlands and acclimatized and tested at 3600 m. These men showed slightly lower V(O2) at high work output, but this may be due to a nonsteady-state V(O2) kinetic, rather than to an altered steady-state V(O2)-work rate relationship per se. There were no significant group differences in delta efficiency (DE). In sum, these results provide no support for the hypothesis of energetic advantage during submaximal work in Andean HA natives. A review and analysis of the literature suggest that the same is true for HA natives in the Himalayas.
Anthropometry and Lung Function of 10- to 12-Year-Old Bolivian Boys
(Thieme Medical Publishers (Germany), 1994) Mercedes Villena; Hilde Spielvogel; Enrique Vargas; Philippe Obert; Ana Alarcón; C. Gonzales; G. Falgairette; H.C.G. Kemper
Anthropometric measurements of 23 HAHSES, 44 HALSES, 43 LAHSES, and 28 LALSES boys (see Introduction to this Supplement) are presented here. They include body height (H), body weight (BW), upper arm circumference (UAC), and skinfold thickness taken at four locations. From these measurements, body fat, lean body mass, and body mass index (BMI = BW/H2) were calculated. The degree of maturation was assessed according to Tanner, orchidometry, and by quantification of testosterone in saliva. Lung function data include: vital capacity (VC), forced expired volume per 1 s (FEV1), functional residual capacity (FRC), residual volume (RV), and total lung capacity (TLC). The results show enhanced lung volumes in both HA groups in comparison to LA groups, with HALSES boys having the greatest increase, even though the LSES boys were significantly smaller compared to the HSES boys at both altitudes and their growth was delayed by approximately 2 years. From the anthropometric data it appears that physical growth of prepubertal boys is dependent on SES but not on high-altitude exposure. We tentatively conclude that chronic hypoxia per se does not affect physical growth in prepubertal boys in an Andean environment and that development of lung function is accelerated in relation to linear growth as has been suggested by other authors (15).
Body fluid homeostasis and cardiovascular adjustments during submaximal exercise: influence of chewing coca leaves
(Springer Science+Business Media, 1997) Hilde Spielvogel; Armando Rodríguez; B. Semporé; Esperanza Cáceres; J. M. Cottet-Émard; Laurent Guillon; R. Favier
C‐reactive protein (CRP) in high altitude <scp>Bolivian</scp> peri‐urban adolescents varies by adiposity, current illness, height, socioeconomic status, sex, and menarcheal status: The potential benefits and costs of adipose reserves in arduous environments
(Wiley, 2024) Virginia J. Vitzthum; Jonathan Thornburg; Thomas W. McDade; Kathryn Hicks; Aaron A. Miller; Emily M. Chester; Baileigh Goodlett; Esperanza Cáceres; Hilde Spielvogel
Our results are consistent with a tradeoff between investments in growth versus immune functioning, as might be expected in an environment with limited resources and high pathogen exposure (e.g., soil-transmitted helminths, poor sanitation). Thinner Alteños appear to maintain a minimum CRP concentration independent of fat-factor, while fatter (or less-thin) Alteños' CRP rises with fat-factor. Female Alteños appear to be trading off investment in immune response for investment in growth and maturation. Alteños' high rate of stunting and absence of obesity suggests chronic, presumably multifactorial, stress. Adipose stores likely buffer against some of these stressors and, in an environment such as this-in which many lack sufficient nutritious foods, potable water, adequate sewage, and health care-may confer a net lifetime benefit.
Cardio-respiratory studies in chronic mountain sickness (Monge's syndrome)
(Elsevier BV, 1977) L. Cudkowicz; J. Ergueta; Hilde Spielvogel
Cardio-Respiratory Studies in Chronic Mountain Sickness (Monge’s Syndrome)
(Karger Publishers, 1971) J. Ergueta; Hilde Spielvogel; L. Cudkowicz
Comparisons with 14 normal, younger, male native residents of La Paz showed that 20 patients with Monge’s syndrome have significantly higher mean body surface areas, hemoglobin, resting tidal volumes [VT (BTPS)], and resting minute volumes [VE (BTPS)]. If [VE (BTPS) is subdivided into its components of alveolar [Va (BTPS)] and dead space ventilations [VDS (BTPS)], it becomes apparent that the former is significantly smaller and the latter much larger in the Monge patients than in the controls. Alveolar hypoventilation in the Monge group is evidenced by an elevated mean PaCO2; a lower mean pH of 7.349, contrasted with that of 7.399 in the controls; a PaO2 of 48.1 mm Hg, compared with 57.7 mm Hg in the normals. Simultaneous surface scanning of the right upper and lower lung zones, using a central venous injection of 131I-HSA (human iodinated serum albumin), showed a reduction of total isotope activity in the right upper zones of the Monge group.
Changes in blood gas transport of altitude native soccer players near sea-level and sea-level native soccer players at altitude (ISA3600)
(BMJ, 2013) Nadine Wachsmuth; Marlen Kley; Hilde Spielvogel; Robert J. Aughey; Christopher J. Gore; Pitre C. Bourdon; Kristal Hammond; Charli Sargent; Gregory D. Roach; Rudy Soria Sanchez
The marked drop in PaO₂ and CaO₂ observed after ascent does not support the 'fly-in, fly-out' approach for soccer teams to play immediately after arrival at altitude. Although short-term acclimatisation was sufficient for Australians to stabilise their CaO₂ (mostly due to loss of plasma volume), 12 days appears insufficient to reach chronic levels of adaption.
Chronic Mountain Sickness, Optimal Hemoglobin, and Heart Disease
(Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., 2006) Enrique Vargas P.; Hilde Spielvogel
For the male inhabitants of La Paz, Bolivia (3200-4100 m), and other high altitude regions in America and Asia, chronic mountain sickness (CMS) is a major health problem. Since CMS was first described by Carlos Monge in the Peruvian Andes in 1925, numerous research papers have been devoted to this topic, but many unanswered questions still exist with respect to the beginning of the disease and its cause(s). The experience with CMS has shown that an excessively high hemoglobin concentration is not favorable for high altitude acclimatization, and the hypothesis of theoretically "optimal" hematocrit and "optimal" hemoglobin has been made. The calculated optimal hemoglobin concentration of 14.7 g/dL for resting men in the Andes is discussed as theoretical and not applicable in real life. The most frequent congenital and acquired heart diseases are discussed, such as patent ductus, atrial septum defect, ventricle septum defect among congenital heart diseases and the still very frequent rheumatic valve cardiopathies and Chagas disease as acquired cardiopathies. Among the typical acquired heart diseases of the high altitude dweller, special attention is given to chronic cor pulmonale as a consequence of severe CMS with pulmonary hypertension.
Coca chewing among high altitude natives: Work and muscular efficiencies of nonhabitual chewers
(Wiley, 1995) Tom D. Brutsaert; Mark Milotich; A. Roberto Frisancho; Hilde Spielvogel
The leaves of the coca plant (Erythroxylum sp.) have long been chewed by natives of the highland Andes. Folk belief is that the mild stimulant effect is indispensable as an ergogenic aid for strenuous work activities in a high altitude environment. This study explored the exercise responses of 23 nonhabitual coca chewing males who were asked to pedal a bicycle ergometer through a series of submaximal and maximal workloads both with and without coca chewing. The protocol of the exercise test was specifically designed to allow for the determination of work and muscular efficiencies during to submaximal work. The subjects showed no differences between the coca and control work protocols for VO2 max (1/min), VCO2 max (1/min), or maximal work output (watts). Further, there were no differences between coca and control work protocols in oxygen saturation (%), pulmonary ventilation (1/min), or respiratory exchange ratio (VCO2 /VO2 ) at any level of work. Coca chewing caused subjects to have a higher heart rate (bpm) and lower oxygen pulse (ml/beat) for most submaximal workloads and higher ventilatory equivalents (VE/VO2 and VE/VCO2 ) above 50% of VO2 max. Although there was a tendency for higher gross efficiencies (GE) during the coca exercise test at lower relative work levels, between 30-40% of the VO2 max, this difference did not reach significance. Mean net efficiency (NE) was higher (P=0.018) at a relative work level of ∼32% of the VO2 max for exercise with coca (23.2% vs. 20.8%). This difference was not apparent at any other work level. The mean delta efficiency (DE) was significantly lower (P = 0.012) for exercise with coca (26.7%) than for exercise without coca (28.2%). These efficiency differences suggest a muscle metabolic effect for coca chewing at low workloads whereby less oxygen is consumed by the muscle to perform a given work task. Howeve, given the difficulty of interpreting efficiency values, it is not entirely clear if the differences are indicative of a work performance benefit for coca chewing. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Coca chewing for exercise: hormonal and metabolic responses of nonhabitual chewers
(American Physiological Society, 1996) R. Favier; Esperanza Cáceres; Laurent Guillon; B. Semporé; Michel Sauvain; H. Koubi; Hilde Spielvogel
To determine the effects of acute coca use on the hormonal and metabolic responses to exercise, 12 healthy nonhabitual coca users were submitted twice to steady-state exercise (approximately 75% maximal O2 uptake). On one occasion, they were asked to chew 15 g of coca leaves 1 h before exercise, whereas on the other occasion, exercise was performed after 1 h of chewing a sugar-free chewing gum. Plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine, insulin, glucagon, and metabolites (glucose, lactate, glycerol, and free fatty acids) were determined at rest before and after coca chewing and during the 5th, 15th, 30th, and 60th min of exercise. Simultaneously to these determinations, cardiorespiratory variables (heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, oxygen uptake, and respiratory gas exchange ratio) were also measured. At rest, coca chewing had no effect on plasma hormonal and metabolic levels except for a significantly reduced insulin concentration. During exercise, the oxygen uptake, heart rate, and respiratory gas exchange ratio were significantly increased in the coca-chewing trial compared with the control (gum-chewing) test. The exercise-induced drop in plasma glucose and insulin was prevented by prior coca chewing. These results contrast with previous data obtained in chronic coca users who display during prolonged submaximal exercise an exaggerated plasma sympathetic response, an enhanced availability and utilization of fat (R. Favier, E. Caceres, H. Koubi, B. Sempore, M. Sauvain, and H. Spielvogel. J. Appl. Physiol. 80: 650-655, 1996). We conclude that, whereas coca chewing might affect glucose homeostasis during exercise, none of the physiological data provided by this study would suggest that acute coca chewing in nonhabitual users could enhance tolerance to exercise.
Defining anaemia and its effect on physical work capacity at high altitudes in the Bolivian Andes
(Cambridge University Press, 1988) J. D. Haas; D. A. Tufts; J. L. Beard; Robert C. Roach; Hilde Spielvogel
Of all the ecozones in the tropics, one of the most challenging in terms of its effects on physical work capacity is found in the high altitude mountains. Not only does one have to contend with many of the health and nutritional problems associated with underdevelopment but one also has to adjust to the reduced atmospheric pressure and partial pressure of oxygen associated with high elevations. Since oxygen is required for all aerobic work, a reduction in oxygen tension will reduce aerobic work capacity unless substantial adaptations occur in systemic oxygen transport and utilisation.
Developmental, genetic, and environmental components of aerobic capacity at high altitude
(Wiley, 1995) A. Roberto Frisancho; Hedy G. Frisancho; Mark Milotich; Tom D. Brutsaert; Rachel Albalak; Hilde Spielvogel; Mercedez Villena; Enrique Vargas; Rudy Soria
The aerobic capacity of 268 subjects (158 males and 110 females) was evaluated in La Paz, Bolivia situated at 3,750 m. The sample included 1) 39 high altitude rural natives (all male); 2) 67 high altitude urban natives (32 male, 35 female); 3) 69 Bolivians of foreign ancestry acclimatized to high altitude since birth (37 male, 32 female); 4) 50 Bolivians of foreign ancestry acclimatized to high altitude during growth (25 male, 25 female); and 5) 42 non-Bolivians of either European or North American ancestry acclimatized to high altitude during adulthood (25 male, 18 female). Data analyses indicate that 1) high altitude urban natives, acclimatized to high altitude since birth or during growth, attained higher aerobic capacity than subjects acclimatized to high altitude during adulthood; 2) age at arrival to high altitude is inversely related to maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) expressed in terms L/min or ml/min/kg of lean body mass, but not in terms of ml/min/kg of body weight; 3) among subjects acclimatized to high altitude during growth, approximately 25% of the variability in aerobic capacity can be explained by developmental factors; 4) as inferred from evaluations of skin color reflectance and sibling similarities, approximately 20 to 25% of the variability in aerobic capacity at high altitude can be explained by genetic factors; 5) except among the non-Bolivians acclimatized to high altitude during adulthood, the aerobic capacity of individuals with high occupational activity level is equal to the aerobic capacity of high altitude rural natives; and 6) the relationship between occupational activity level and aerobic capacity is much greater among subjects acclimatized to high altitude before the age of 10 years than afterwards. Together these data suggest that the attainment of normal aerobic capacity at high altitude is related to both developmental acclimatization and genetic factors but its expression is highly mediated by environmental factors, such as occupational activity level and body composition.
Differential effects of ventilatory stimulation by sex hormones and almitrine on hypoxic erythrocytosis
(Springer Science+Business Media, 1997) R. Favier; Hilde Spielvogel; Esperanza Cáceres; Armando Rodríguez; B. Semporé; J. M. Pequignot; Jean-Marc Péquignot
Does Hypoxia Impair Ovarian Function in Bolivian Women Indigenous to High Altitude?
(Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., 2000) Virginia J. Vitzthum; Peter T. Ellison; Sara Sukalich; Esperanza Cáceres; Hilde Spielvogel
Fertility appears to be reduced in at least some high altitude populations relative to their counterparts at lower elevations. Inferring from the difficulties with reproduction of newcomers to high altitude and from animal experiments, it has been hypothesized that this apparent reduction is the result of hypoxia acting to reduce fecundity and/or increase fetal loss. In humans, however, several behavioral as well as biological factors may affect fertility levels. These many factors have been organized by demographers into a framework of seven proximate determinants that includes fecundability (the monthly probability of conception) of which successful ovulation is one component. To test whether ovarian function is impaired in women indigenous to high altitude, we measured salivary progesterone (P) in a sample (n = 20) of Quechua women (aged 19-42 years) residing at 3,100 m. It was found that mean luteal P = 179 pmol/L and mean midluteal P = 243 pmol/L, levels that fall about midway in the range of known values for several populations and are higher than some lower altitude populations. These findings suggest that hypoxia does not appear to significantly impair ovarian function in those with lifelong residence at high altitude. There are, however, several factors common to many high altitude populations that may act to reduce fecundability and fertility including intercourse patterns (affected by marriage and migration practices), prolonged lactation, dietary insufficiency, and hard labor.
Dopaminergic metabolism in carotid bodies and high-altitude acclimatization in female rats
(American Physiological Society, 2002) Vincent Joseph; Jorge Soliz; Ruddy Soria; Jacqueline Pequignot; R. Favier; Hilde Spielvogel; Jean Marc Pequignot
We tested the hypothesis that ovarian steroids stimulate breathing through a dopaminergic mechanism in the carotid bodies. In ovariectomized female rats raised at sea level, domperidone, a peripheral D2-receptor antagonist, increased ventilation in normoxia (minute ventilation = +55%) and acute hypoxia (+32%). This effect disappeared after 10 daily injections of ovarian steroids (progesterone + estradiol). At high altitude (3,600 m, Bolivian Institute for High-Altitude Biology-IBBA, La Paz, Bolivia), neutered females had higher carotid body tyrosine hydroxylase activity (the rate-limiting enzyme for catecholamine synthesis: +129%) and dopamine utilization (+150%), lower minute ventilation (-30%) and hypoxic ventilatory response (-57%), and higher hematocrit (+18%) and Hb concentration (+21%) than intact female rats. Consistent signs of arterial pulmonary hypertension (right ventricular hypertrophy) also appeared in ovariectomized females. None of these parameters was affected by gonadectomy in males. Our results show that ovarian steroids stimulate breathing by lowering a peripheral dopaminergic inhibitory drive. This process may partially explain the deacclimatization of postmenopausal women at high altitude.
Edema agudo pulmonar de altura
(2006) Hilde Spielvogel
Effect of altitude on the lung function of high altitude residents of European ancestry
(Wiley, 1988) Lawrence P. Greksa; Hilde Spielvogel; M Paz-Zamora; Esperanza Cáceres; Luis Paredes‐Fernández
The forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV), and ratio of FEV to FVC (%FEV) of 161 male and 158 female youths of European ancestry who were born at high altitudes and who were residing in La Paz, Bolivia (average altitude of 3,600 m) were examined and compared with those for lowland Europeans and highland Aymara Amerindians. FVC and FEV were significantly larger (p less than .001) in the La Paz Europeans than in two lowland control samples of European ancestry, with the relative differences between samples varying from small (1.5-4.1%) to moderate (7.7-11.9%). It could not be determined whether the enhanced lung volumes of the La Paz European children were acquired through an accelerated development of lung volumes relative to stature during adolescence, as is the case for Amerindian highlanders. After controlling for body and chest size, FVC and FEV were significantly smaller in the La Paz Europeans than in highland Aymara (p less than .001), suggesting that the lung volumes of the Aymara are influenced by factors other than simply growth and development at high altitude. Finally, as found in Amerindians, chest size is an important determinant of intra-individual variation in lung function among highland Europeans.
Effect of altitude on the physical growth of upper-class children of European ancestry
(Informa, 1985) Lawrence P. Greksa; Hilde Spielvogel; Esperanza Cáceres
The physical growth of 351 upper-socioeconomic-status children (9-20 years) of European ancestry residing in La Paz, Bolivia (altitude 3600 m) is described and compared with that of lowland children of similar background. The purpose is to evaluate the independent effect of continual exposure to atmospheric hypoxia during the period of growth and development on linear growth. The data presented here indicate that the effect of hypoxia on achieved stature ranges from minimal in males and none in females to a maximum of 3 cm in both sexes. The magnitude of this effect is relatively small compared to the potential effect of other factors which affect the growth of highland children.
Effect of anthropometric characteristics and socio-economic status on physical performances of pre-pubertal children living in Bolivia at low altitude
(Springer Science+Business Media, 1996) Róbert de Jonge; M. Bedu; Nicole Fellmann; Stéphen Blonc; Hilde Spielvogel; J Coudert