Browsing by Autor "Lykke E. Andersen"

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Assessing CO2 Emissions from Deforestation and Fires in Bolivia during 2010-2023
(Universidad Católica Boliviana San Pablo, 2025) Lykke E. Andersen; Fabiana Karina Argandoña Gonzales; Carla Olmos; Diego Calderón; S. M. Miranda; Alvaro Mauricio Muñoz Quisberth; Sergio Choque Sunagua
This report estimates annual CO₂ emissions from deforestation and fires in Bolivia from 2010 to 2023, considering both emissions and absorptions resulting from land clearing, land use change, fires, and forest regeneration. Using high-resolution annual land cover maps from MapBiomas Bolivia (1985–2023) and a global biomass density map, we track carbon pool changes at a 30×30 m resolution. We developed a bookkeeping model to monitor carbon storage across 1.2 billion land cover pixels nationwide. Fortunately, 93% of these pixels showed no significant forest change, allowing us to focus on the 80 million pixels that experienced changes during the analysis period. These pixels were categorized into 1,278 classes of change based on the year, original land cover, resulting land cover, and forest type. To estimate emissions from forest degradation due to fires, we used the Global Fire Emissions Database and subtracted emissions from deforestation within burned areas to prevent double counting. Our results indicate that CO₂ emissions from deforestation and forest degradation due to fires in Bolivia frequently exceed 200 million tCO₂ per year—70 million tCO₂ from deforestation and 126 million tCO₂ from degradation on average—making Bolivia a significant contributor to global warming, with per capita emissions among the highest in the world. Alarmingly, an increasing share of these emissions results from forest burning with no apparent productive purpose.
Baja movilidad social en Bolivia: causas y consecuencias para el desarrollo
(Universidad Católica Boliviana San Pablo, 2003) Lykke E. Andersen
       El presente documento investiga la movilidad social en Bolivia y discute sus implicaciones en la reducción de la pobreza y el crecimiento económico de largo plazo. Regresiones con base en la información de las encuestas de hogares muestran que la movilidad social es muy baja en Bolivia, inclusive con respecto a estándares latinoamericanos. Esto se debe principalmente a un sistema inadecuado de educación pública, a la elevada corrupción, a una conformación selectiva de parejas y a una insuficiente migración rural-urbana. Como consecuencia de ello, la pobreza tiende a ser persistente en el tiempo. Más aún, una baja movilidad social implica tanto un uso ineficiente del talento innato como pobres incentivos para el trabajo y el estudio, lo que impide que la economía boliviana alcance su tasa de crecimiento potencial.       
Bolivia's Net Zero path: Investment needs, challenges, and opportunities
(Frontiers Media, 2022) Lykke E. Andersen; Luis E. Gonzales; Alfonso Malky
Due to high levels of deforestation, Bolivia's per capita CO 2 emissions are currently among the highest in the world. Indeed, at more than 25 tCO 2 eq/person/year, they far exceed the per capita emissions of the United States and the United Arab Emirates. Achieving Net Zero would require a complete change of the current resource-intensive development model and would especially have to adjust the incentives that are promoting the rapid expansion of soybean farming and cattle ranching in the Bolivian Amazon and Chiquitano forests. This paper identifies the main sources of emissions in Bolivia and the most cost-effective measures to reduce them, under the condition that the selected measures do not decrease average incomes nor increase poverty compared to the Business-as-Usual scenario. The paper estimates the magnitude of the investment needed to reduce net emissions to zero by 2050 at about $150 billion or 7.8% of Bolivia's GDP between 2022 and 2050. To make sure that poor people are not hurt by the Net Zero strategy, most of the funds should be used to promote alternative and more sustainable economic opportunities for Bolivians, including resilient and diverse agro-forestry activities, zero-deforestation beef production, nature-based tourism, high value-added wood products, scientific research, etc. These alternative opportunities should include women as much as possible, so as to provide more gender equal opportunities than the traditional activities at the agricultural frontier. The paper reviews different financing options and proposes a simple, easily verifiable, performance-based mechanism, that shares the costs and benefits of reduced deforestation fairly. Finally, the paper discusses the main social, economic, and political challenges to achieving these goals.
Book review
(Taylor & Francis, 2007) Lykke E. Andersen
Discriminación étnica en el sistema educativo y el mercado de trabajo de Bolivia
(Universidad Católica Boliviana San Pablo, 2003) Alejandro Mercado; Lykke E. Andersen; Beatriz Muriel
El objetivo del presente documento es identificar las diferencias salariales atribuibles a problemas de discriminación en el sistema educativo y en el mercado laboral. El estudio analiza la segregación pre-mercado (que se da cuando un grupo de la población no tiene acceso a la adquisición de capital humano en las mismas condiciones que otros) y post-mercado (que se produce cuando el individuo se encuentra en la fuerza laboral). Los resultados muestran que el sistema educativo (calidad y cantidad educacional) es el factor más importante para explicar las diferencias salariales. Estudiando la economía por zonas, se observa que en el área rural no se presentan problemas de discriminación post-mercado cuando se controla por medio de los indicadores educacionales. En las zonas urbanas, la discriminación parece ser explicada principalmente por peculiaridades sectoriales, de acuerdo a las cuales los indígenas se encontrarían concentrados en segmentos laborales que presentan una media relativamente baja de ingresos. Tomando en cuenta esta última característica, se observa discriminación post-mercado solamente en el sector comercio.
Entradas y salidas de la pobreza: análisis del papel del comportamiento reproductivo con datos del panel de Nicaragua, 1998-2001
(2007) Lykke E. Andersen
En este documento se presentan proyecciones simultaneas de poblacion y pobreza en Nicaragua en el periodo 1995-2015, tomando en cuenta las relaciones que existen entre los factores demografi cos, la pobreza y la movilidad economica. Algunas simulaciones obtenidas con el modelo usado para realizar las proyecciones muestran que los cambios previstos del comportamiento reproductivo infl uyen mas en la pobreza que todas las demas variables investigadas, como ser el crecimiento economico, las politicas redistributivas, la migracion rural-urbana e internacional y tambien las mejoras de los niveles de educacion
Geography and Development in Bolivia: Migration, Urban and Industrial Concentration, Welfare, and Convergence: 1950-1992
(RELX Group (Netherlands), 1999) José Luis Evia; Miguel Urquiola; Lykke E. Andersen; Eduardo Antelo; Osvaldo Nina
Macroeconomic Policies to Increase Social Mobility and Growth in Bolivia
(Universidad Católica Boliviana San Pablo, 2005) Alejandro F. Mercado; Lykke E. Andersen; Alice J. Brooks
Poverty in Bolivia continues to be among the highest in Latin America despite decades of concerted national and international efforts to reduce it. The external aid has been generous and foreign direct investment has boomed; nevertheless, average productivity and incomes remain at the same low level as they were 50 years ago.  This paper suggests that the failure of previous development policies is due to a lack of social mobility in the country. Without social mobility, there is little incentive for people to invest in human ad physical capital, and without investment there cannot be productivity growth. In addition, the lack of social mobility implies an inefficient use of human capital, and it hinders the construction of efficient social mechanisms for redistribution and consumption smoothing over the life-cycle.
Micro-Credit and Group Lending:The Collateral Effect
(1998) Lykke E. Andersen; Osvaldo Nina
Conventional banking practices do not easily accommodate the financial needs of poor persons. Group-lending, on the other hand, has found several advantages in the context of poor borrowers with no collateral to offer. An important advantage is that the bank’s losses due to unsuccessful projects are dramatically reduced, because group members cover at least part of those losses. In effect, a kind of collateral has been created in the group even though each individual had no collateral to offer. This paper will analyze the collateral-effect in a model with two types of entrepreneurs (high-risk and low-risk) and a competitive banking system. We show that with individual lending, the typical situation for poor entrepreneurs in developing countries is likely to lead to a separating equilibrium where only high-risk borrowers are served (at a high interest rate). Allowing for group-lending, however, is likely to result in a pooling equilibrium, where all entrepreneurs are served at a considerably lower interest rate. We complement the theoretical analysis by a comparison of the performance of Bolivia’s BancoSol, which practices group-lending, with the other private Bolivian banks, which lend on an individual basis.
Movilidad laboral en Bolivia: una comparación entre empleados de los sectores público y privado
(Universidad Católica Boliviana San Pablo, 2005) Lykke E. Andersen; Bent Jesper Christensen; Claudia Delgadillo
Varios estudios realizados en Bolivia sugieren que los trabajadores calificados son escasos y que los puestos de trabajo en el sector público son tan atractivos, que el sector privado no puede captar ni mantener a los trabajadores calificados que necesita. Tal tendencia limita fuertemente el crecimiento económico y la reducción de la pobreza, puesto que el sector productivo tiene restricciones en la contratación eficaz de uno de sus factores de producción más importantes. El presente documento testea esta hipótesis a través de la estimación de modelos estructurales que permitan estudiar los patrones de comportamiento de búsqueda de trabajo de los empleados en Bolivia. Los resultados son consistentes con la hipótesis.
Net Carbon Emissions from Deforestation in Bolivia during 1990-2000 and 2000-2010: Results from a Carbon Bookkeeping Model
(Public Library of Science, 2016) Lykke E. Andersen; Anna Sophia Doyle; Susana del Granado; Juan Carlos Ledezma; Agnes Medinaceli; Montserrat Valdivia; Diana Weinhold
Accurate estimates of global carbon emissions are critical for understanding global warming. This paper estimates net carbon emissions from land use change in Bolivia during the periods 1990-2000 and 2000-2010 using a model that takes into account deforestation, forest degradation, forest regrowth, gradual carbon decomposition and accumulation, as well as heterogeneity in both above ground and below ground carbon contents at the 10 by 10 km grid level. The approach permits detailed maps of net emissions by region and type of land cover. We estimate that net CO2 emissions from land use change in Bolivia increased from about 65 million tons per year during 1990-2000 to about 93 million tons per year during 2000-2010, while CO2 emissions per capita and per unit of GDP have remained fairly stable over the sample period. If we allow for estimated biomass increases in mature forests, net CO2 emissions drop to close to zero. Finally, we find these results are robust to alternative methods of calculating emissions.