Browsing by Autor "Mario Eduardo Castro Torres"

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CAPITAL SOCIAL VINCULANTE Y ESTRÉS ACADÉMICO EN ESTUDIANTES UNIVERSITARIOS
(2022) Mario Eduardo Castro Torres; Pablo Marcelo Vargas-Piérola; Carlos F. Pinto; Rubén Alvarado
Aunque el estrés académico (EA) es un problema con alta incidencia en universitarios, hay pocos estudios sobre el tema. Este trabajo busca determinar si existe correlación entre el capital social vinculante (CSV) y sus dimensiones (tamaño de red, confianza, reciprocidad y propiedad de los recursos) con los síntomas psicológicos (SPsi) del EA, determinando su fuerza y significancia. Método: Se evaluó la correlación entre las dimensiones del CSV con los SPsi del EA en una muestra de 150 estudiantes universitarios voluntarios. Se usó el coeficiente de Spearman (rs) para establecer la correlación, la prueba de independencia de Chi-cuadrado de Pearson (X2) para establecer la diferencia entre grupos y el análisis de residuos (Rü) para determinar dirección y significancia. Resultados: Un tercio de los estudiantes presenta alta frecuencia de SPsi mientras que la cuarta parte una regular. El CSV tiene una correlación negativa, débil y significativa con los SPsi (rs(123)= -.18, p= .040), al igual que la confianza (rs(123)= .-19, p= .031). Adicionalmente, se identificó una correlación negativa, significativa y fuerte entre la dimensión confianza del CSV y el SPsi 20 [ansiedad, angustia o desesperación] del EA (X2= 4.83; gl= 1; p= .028; V de Cramer= 0.21). Discusión: El tamaño del efecto de las correlaciones da cuenta de que existen otras variables involucradas en la relación entre capital social y EA, lo que implica mediación. Es necesario mejorar a futuro la explicación de la relación entre CSV y EA incluyendo más variables en un modelo más complejo de análisis. Palabras clave: capital social, estrés académico, síntomas psicológicos, estudiantes universitarios.
Effects of Social Capital on Depression in University Students
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2025) Mario Eduardo Castro Torres; Pablo Marcelo Vargas-Piérola; Aarón Marco Layme Mamani; Ana Maria Ossa Toro; A.L Lara Domínguez; Carlos F. Pinto
This study examines how bonding social capital (BSC) is related to depression symptoms (Dsym) in university students, focusing on the mediating roles of socio-emotional support, instrumental support, self-efficacy, self-esteem, and academic stress. A cross-sectional design was employed, with data collected from 217 undergraduate students (from an initial sample of 250) using validated questionnaires. Data were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to evaluate direct and indirect relationships. The key findings indicate that BSC has an indirect, relevant, and significant negative effect on Dsym (H5) (β = -0.201, 95% CI [-0.266, -0.216]) through six routes, involving enhanced self-esteem and reduced academic stress. The model highlights self-esteem as a critical mediator between social capital and mental health outcomes. With strong predictive validity (R<sup>2</sup> ≥ 0.1, Q<sup>2</sup> > 0, PLS-SEM RMSE < LM), the study provides a framework for potential interventions. The theoretical contributions include distinguishing social capital from support and prioritizing self-esteem over self-efficacy in depressive pathways. Although the cross-sectional design limits causal inferences, the model advances systemic approaches to student mental health, highlighting the need for longitudinal validation in diverse contexts.
Multiple sequential mediation model of the effect of Social Capital Investment on Academic Stress
(Elsevier BV, 2023) Mario Eduardo Castro Torres; Pablo Marcelo Vargas-Piérola; Carlos F. Pinto; Rubén Alvarado
This study proposed a new model for understanding the relationship between social capital investment (SCI) and academic stress (AS). The effect of SCI over the psychological symptoms of AS (PsyS) through multiple and sequential mediation of bonding social capital (BSC), socio-emotional support (SES) and self-efficacy was analyzed through partial least squares structural equations modeling (PLS-SEM). Based on data from 150 university students, findings suggest that as students increase their level of SCI, their perception of greater SES and BSC grows; in turn, this raises the probability to perceive higher levels of self-efficacy; and higher levels of SES and self-efficacy decrease PsyS levels. New identified effects in the analyzed relationship provide the basis for future intervention and research.
Serial Mediation Model of Social Capital Effects over Academic Stress in University Students
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2022) Mario Eduardo Castro Torres; Pablo Marcelo Vargas-Piérola; Carlos F. Pinto; Rubén Alvarado
Background: Although several studies have shown that social capital and social support decreases academic stress (AS), there has been lack of atheoretical model to explain how this occurs. This study aims to verify a model that explains the effect of bonding social capital (BSC) over academic stress psychological symptoms (PsyS), considering the multiple sequential mediation of socio-emotional support (SES), self-efficacy (sEffic) and self-esteem (sEstee). Methods: In a transversal study, 150 undergraduate volunteer students were recruited using non-probabilistic purposive sampling. Data were collected using psychological questionnaires and were processed through partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Results: Goodness of fit of the models (SRMR = 0.056, 0.057, <HI95) (dULS, dG < HI95), reliability and validity are adequate. The indirect effect of BSC over PsyS (β = −0.196; IC 95% [−0.297, −0.098]) is relevant and significant and is serial mediated by SES and sEffic. Conclusions: From a very precise conceptual definition, a model is generated, within which empirical evidence explains the relationship between BSC and PsyS, emphasizing the role of BSC in the development of personal resources to cope with AS. This can be applied to policies and public health programs that affect these variables.
Un obispo realista en tiempos de guerra: Remigio de la Santa durante la Revolución de La Paz (1809-1810).
(University of Murcia, 2023) Mario Eduardo Castro Torres
Bishop Remigio de la Santa was a royalist prelate who considered that respect and submission to the authorities was part of divine order and that an insurrection was a religious as well as a political matter. He standed out for his intelligence and his active pastoral and administrative role in the dioceses of Panama and La Paz, where he improved the educational, public health and urban and rural facilities because he considered that the responsibility of the Church extended to the political sphere. In 1808, he identified a revolutionary attempt that was dismantled. For his leadership and loyalty, he was arrested on July 16, 1809, in the Revolution of La Paz. He managed to escape to Irupana (Yungas), excommunicated the revolutionaries and organized loyal forces that strategically divided and defeated them. Because of a ruse, the bishop escaped to Cochabamba. He returned to La Paz, fearful of more uprisings. He was unable to differentiate the autonomists (majority) from the independentists (minority). El obispo Remigio de la Santa fue un prelado realista que consideró que el respeto y sumisión a las autoridades es parte del orden divino y que una insurrección es un asunto tanto religioso como político. Se destacó por su inteligencia y su activo papel pastoral y administrativo en las diócesis de Panamá y La Paz, donde mejoró los ámbitos educativos, de salud pública y de equipamiento urbano y rural, pues consideraba que la responsabilidad de la Iglesia se extendía al ámbito político. En 1808, identificó un intento revolucionario que fue desarticulado. Por su liderazgo y lealtad, fue apresado el 16 de julio de 1809 en la Revolución de La Paz. Escapó a Irupana (Yungas), excomulgó a los revolucionarios y organizó fuerzas leales que los dividieron estratégicamente y los derrotaron. A causa de un ardid, el obispo escapó a Cochabamba. Regresó a La Paz, temeroso de que haya más levantamientos. No logró diferenciar a los autonomistas (mayoritarios) de los independentistas (minoritarios).