Browsing by Autor "Molina-Carpio, Jorge"

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Caudal ecológico, una herramienta de desarrollo integral: proyecto FERRIA
(Ecología en Bolivia, 2022) Molina, Carlos I.; Montecinos, Angela; Calani, Lirio; Quispe, Raúl; Molina-Carpio, Jorge; Espinoza, Daniel; Hubas, Cédric; Pouilly, Marc
Clima y variabilidad espacial de la ceja de monte y andino húmedo
(Ecología en Bolivia, 2019) Molina-Carpio, Jorge; Espinoza, Daniel; Coritza, Enrique; Salcedo, Franklin; Farfán, Cristian; Mamani, Leonardo; Mendoza, Javier
Presentamos una caracterización del clima de los Andes húmedos y su variabilidad espacial, con énfasis en el rango altitudinal de 2.000 a 4.000 m. Mediante el análisis de registros climáticos diarios y horarios se logró identificar los procesos atmosféricos dominantes en la cuenca andina del río Beni y los Yungas de La Paz. Se halló que la mayor parte de los múltiples máximos lluviosos en el subandino y Yungas son consecuencia de la interacción entre el flujo sudamericano de bajo nivel (SALLJ) y la compleja orografía regional. Sin embargo, en el rango de 2.000 a 4.000 m predominan mecanismos de circulación local que facilitan el transporte de humedad desde los valles hacia las laderas siguiendo un ciclo diurno. Esto resulta en una franja hiperhúmeda y relativamente fría centrada alrededor de los 3.000 m de altitud, donde la precipitación media alcanza valores 2-10 veces más altos que la evapotranspiración potencial (ETP). Esta franja se caracteriza por valores excepcionalmente altos de humedad relativa y número de días lluviosos, y muy bajos de radiación solar, ETP y amplitud térmica diaria. La combinación de los procesos atmosféricos regionales y locales con la orografía crea múltiples islas biogeográficas húmedas e hiperhúmedas, pero de menor extensión que los "hotspots" lluviosos del Chapare y el Alto Madre de Dios.
Comment on egusphere-2025-4101
(2025) Santini, William; Delort-Ylla, Alexandre; Martinez, Jean Michel; Lavado-Casimiro, Waldo; Camenen, Benoît; Le Coz, Jérôme; Roussillon, Joana; Pérez Arévalo, Jhonathan Junior; Molina-Carpio, Jorge
<strong class="journal-contentHeaderColor">Abstract.</strong> Since the early 1970s, the Amazon basin has experienced growing local and global changes, potentially reaching a climatic tipping point in the coming decades. However, due to cost constraints and limited access, conventional hydrological networks in the basin struggle to provide the spatial resolution and temporal extent required for accurate quantification of water and sediment budgets, which are essential for understanding biogeochemical cycles. Focusing on the Ucayali River, a major Amazonian foreland tributary, this study provides the first long-term hydro-sediment balances in this region at sub-basin scale, distinguishing fine sediments from sand loads (37 years for water and sands, 20 years for fine sediments). It is achieved by the integration of remote sensing and hydrological-hydraulic modelling using a modified SWAT model, SWAT-Amazon. A new hydraulic module for water routing was implemented in SWAT-Amazon to suit the Amazon diffusive flood wave, representing floodplains as reservoirs. Fine sediment loads were estimated using satellite-derived concentrations and simulated discharges, while suspended sand loads were simulated within SWAT-Amazon. Results indicate that the Andean Ucayali River exports 455 10⁶ t yr⁻¹ of suspended sediment (40 % sand). As the floodplain traps 36 % of the Andean sediments (65 % sand), mostly by tectonic subsidence, the Ucayali delivers 290 10⁶ t yr⁻¹ of total suspended sediment to the Amazon River, 26 % as sand. Floodplain recycling plays a crucial role as a secondary sediment source (22 % of the Ucayali load), with a water storage that peaks at 19.1 km³ in March (38 % of discharge). A previously undocumented sand sedimentation process is identified during the flooding period, capturing 14 % of the sand flux at peak discharge and thus decorrelating sediment transport from water discharge. No significant long-term trends in flood duration, discharge, or sediment fluxes were detected, suggesting contrasted evolution patterns of the precipitations in the basin due to its particular position in the Amazon Basin. This study emphasizes the need to rethink hydrological network management with robust and long-term conventional data at ‘super’ stations to support the calibration of remote sensing and modelling at ‘virtual’ stations. Extending this approach to other Amazonian basins could significantly enhance hydro-sediment and biogeochemical cycle research in large river systems. Additionally, it highlights the importance of regionally focused over large-scale assessments, which often carry high uncertainties and may mislead mitigation strategies.
Comments on egusphere-2025-4101
(2025) Santini, William; Delort-Ylla, Alexandre; Martinez, Jean Michel; Lavado-Casimiro, Waldo; Camenen, Benoît; Le Coz, Jérôme; Roussillon, Joana; Pérez Arévalo, Jhonathan Junior; Molina-Carpio, Jorge
<strong class="journal-contentHeaderColor">Abstract.</strong> Since the early 1970s, the Amazon basin has experienced growing local and global changes, potentially reaching a climatic tipping point in the coming decades. However, due to cost constraints and limited access, conventional hydrological networks in the basin struggle to provide the spatial resolution and temporal extent required for accurate quantification of water and sediment budgets, which are essential for understanding biogeochemical cycles. Focusing on the Ucayali River, a major Amazonian foreland tributary, this study provides the first long-term hydro-sediment balances in this region at sub-basin scale, distinguishing fine sediments from sand loads (37 years for water and sands, 20 years for fine sediments). It is achieved by the integration of remote sensing and hydrological-hydraulic modelling using a modified SWAT model, SWAT-Amazon. A new hydraulic module for water routing was implemented in SWAT-Amazon to suit the Amazon diffusive flood wave, representing floodplains as reservoirs. Fine sediment loads were estimated using satellite-derived concentrations and simulated discharges, while suspended sand loads were simulated within SWAT-Amazon. Results indicate that the Andean Ucayali River exports 455 10⁶ t yr⁻¹ of suspended sediment (40 % sand). As the floodplain traps 36 % of the Andean sediments (65 % sand), mostly by tectonic subsidence, the Ucayali delivers 290 10⁶ t yr⁻¹ of total suspended sediment to the Amazon River, 26 % as sand. Floodplain recycling plays a crucial role as a secondary sediment source (22 % of the Ucayali load), with a water storage that peaks at 19.1 km³ in March (38 % of discharge). A previously undocumented sand sedimentation process is identified during the flooding period, capturing 14 % of the sand flux at peak discharge and thus decorrelating sediment transport from water discharge. No significant long-term trends in flood duration, discharge, or sediment fluxes were detected, suggesting contrasted evolution patterns of the precipitations in the basin due to its particular position in the Amazon Basin. This study emphasizes the need to rethink hydrological network management with robust and long-term conventional data at ‘super’ stations to support the calibration of remote sensing and modelling at ‘virtual’ stations. Extending this approach to other Amazonian basins could significantly enhance hydro-sediment and biogeochemical cycle research in large river systems. Additionally, it highlights the importance of regionally focused over large-scale assessments, which often carry high uncertainties and may mislead mitigation strategies.