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Browsing by Autor "Ricardo Nogales"

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    Bolivia’s domestic electricity cost supporting scheme during COVID-19: Changes in electricity consumption and household welfare
    (Taylor & Francis, 2024) Ricardo Nogales; Andrea Alcaraz; David López; Pauline Ravillard; Sergio Ballón; Michelle Carvalho-Hallack
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    Bolivia: Una nueva mirada al rol de los recursos naturales en el crecimiento económico
    (Cambridge University Press, 2020) Manuel Olave; Ricardo Nogales; Pamela Córdova Olivera; Brisa Rejas
    Se presenta una revisión histórica y un análisis cuantitativo de las relaciones entre el crecimiento económico boliviano y los precios de los recursos naturales predominantes en la estructura de las exportaciones en el período 1970–2013, en particular: el estaño, el zinc, la plata, el oro y el gas natural. Tomando en cuenta la tendencia del precio del estaño en el período 1970–1986 y la del gas natural en el período 2000–2013 encontramos que es posible estimar la tendencia del crecimiento económico, respectivamente, con errores medios de predicción de 1.25 y 0.50 puntos porcentuales, respectivamente. Las tendencias de los precios de estos recursos reproducen el 89 por ciento de la tendencia del crecimiento. La fuerte relación entre las tendencias de estas variables, exentas de fluctuaciones inducidas por factores coyunturales internos o externos a la economía boliviana, demuestra la importancia que tienen los precios de estos recursos como predictores del crecimiento económico. Encontramos, además, que en el período 1987–1999, ninguno de los precios de otros minerales y recursos naturales como el del zinc, la plata y el oro permite predecir la tendencia de crecimiento económico con similar precisión.
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    CONSTRUYENDO UNA METODOLOGÍA PARA LA EVALUACIÓN DEL RIESGO EN ACTIVIDADES AGRÍCOLAS Y AGROINDUSTRIALES EN BOLIVIA QUE NO COTIZAN EN BOLSA
    (2011) Ricardo Nogales; Pamela Córdova Olivera
    Se presenta una metodología de evaluación de riesgo empresarial que consiste en la identificación de los factores causantes de los indicadores de riesgo tradicionalmente observados. Esta metodología permite el cálculo de ponderaciones objetivas para estas causas a fin de compararlas, jerarquizarlas y facilitar la toma de decisiones por parte de inversionistas. Esta metodología se inscribe en el proyecto Sociedades de Transformación Rural financiado por el International Development Research Center (IDRC) del Canadá y el Fondo Internacional para el Desarrollo Agrícola (FIDA), co-ejecutado por Centro de Investigación para el Desarrollo Regional (CIDRE), la Universidad Privada Boliviana (UPB) y la Fundación Valles, constituyendose en una herramienta alternativa de medición de riesgo empresarial en Bolivia, específicamente diseñada para brindar la posibilidad de inclusión de empresas agrícolas y agroindustriales sobresalientes en el dinamismo del mercado de financiamiento directo del país, generando desarrollo sostenible e inclusivo. El documento presenta en detalle los fundamentos teóricos y metodológicos de esta nueva propuesta, además de aplicaciones empíricas en dos sectores económicos de alta relevancia social para Bolivia: el sector agrícola y el sector agroindustrial.
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    Education, skills and a good job: A multidimensional econometric analysis
    (Elsevier BV, 2019) Jaya Krishnakumar; Ricardo Nogales
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    EFFORTS AND INEQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITIES IN THE BOLIVIAN LABOR MARKET
    (2016) Fátima Rico Encinas; Ricardo Nogales
    The equitable distribution of income, along with human development indices, is among the factors that differentiate developed from developing countries. In this paper, efforts and other variables related to the circumstances of individuals were quantified and analyzed together with traditional determinants in order to explain inequality in the working population of Bolivia. We estimated econometric models by merging the extended Mincer equation with John Roemer’s theory of Inequality of Opportunity. We find that efforts are important determinants of the levels of wage inequality in the country as well as regional development, labor informality, gender and ethnicity. In this sense, the paper separates the part of wage inequality that may be attributed to situations that are beyond the control of individuals and that can be attributed to conscious decisions. Micro simulations determined that it would be possible to reduce inequality by as much as 21% if it gives people the chance to make similar efforts to improve their wages.
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    EL ÉXITO DE LA AUTORREGULACIÓN DE LAS INSTITUCIONES MICROFINANCIERAS EN BOLIVIA: UNA PRUEBA EMPÍRICA
    (2008) Ricardo Nogales
    Hasta marzo del presente año, el mercado microfinanciero boliviano estaba conformado por dos tipos distintos de Instituciones: Las Instituciones Financieras para el Desarrollo (IFD) cuya actividad financiera no estaba regulada por el Estado y las Instituciones Especializadas en Microfinanzas (IMF) que se rigen a las normas de control público. La Superintendencia de Bancos y Entidades Financieras resolvió integrar a las IFD dentro del mismo marco que el resto de las IMF. Esta resolución supone que las IFD tienen un grado de solvencia financiera comparable al de las IMF reguladas. Este estudio emplea herramientas técnicas para demostrar esta aseveración; se demuestra además que las IFD tienen un mejor desempeño social que el resto de las IMF, por lo que se concluye que su inclusión en el mercado financiero formal le otorgará un carácter social más amplio. Para llegar a estas conclusiones, se crearon Índices de Desempeño Financiero y Social a través de un Análisis Factorial Exploratorio. Para medir las diferencias entre los rendimientos de las Instituciones se desarrollaron cuatro modelos econométricos aplicados a un panel de datos construido específicamente para el presente estudio.
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    ESFUERZOS Y DESIGUALDAD DE OPORTUNIDADES EN EL MERCADO LABORAL BOLIVIANO
    (2015) Fátima Rico Encinas; Ricardo Nogales
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    Global multidimensional poverty and COVID-19: A decade of progress at risk?
    (Elsevier BV, 2021) Sabina Alkire; Ricardo Nogales; Natalie Naïri Quinn; Nicolai Suppa
    According to the global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), an internationally comparable measure, poverty in developing countries has fallen substantially over the last 15 years. The COVID-19 pandemic and associated economic contraction are negatively impacting multiple dimensions of poverty and jeopardising this progress. This paper uses recent assessments of food insecurity and school closures made by UN agencies to inform microsimulations of potential short-term impacts of the pandemic under alternative scenarios. These simulations use the nationally representative datasets underlying the 2020 update of the global MPI. Because these datasets were collected in various years before the pandemic, we develop models to translate the simulated impacts to 2020. Our approach accounts for the country-specific joint distribution of deprivations in the simulations, recent poverty reduction trends, and resulting differences in the responsiveness of the global MPI to the scenarios. Aggregating results across 70 countries that account for 89% of the global poor according to the 2020 global MPI, we find that the potential setback to multidimensional poverty reduction is between 3.6 and 9.9 years under the alternative scenarios. We argue that the extent to which such disruptions result in persistent increases of poverty and deprivations may be attenuated by appropriate policy responses.
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    Impact of Rohingya refugees on food prices in Bangladesh: Evidence from a natural experiment
    (Elsevier BV, 2022) Ashraful Alam; Indranil Dutta; M. Emranul Haque; Ricardo Nogales
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    MIGRACIÓN INTERNACIONAL: UNA CUANTIFICACIÓN DE SUS EFECTOS EN LA CALIDAD DE VIDA
    (2009) Carlos Foronda; Marina Nicolaeva; Ricardo Nogales
    En el presente estudio se realiza la evaluación de los efectos de la migración sobre la calidad de vida de los hogares de migrantes en el departamento de Cochabamba. Para ello se construye un Indicador de Calidad de Vida (ICV) mediante un Análisis Factorial. El ICV propuesto está determinado por la riqueza material de los hogares medida como stock y como flujo, y la percepción del bienestar familiar. Para capturar los efectos de la migración sobre la calidad de vida de los hogares, tanto a nivel general como a nivel de cada componente del ICV, se construye un escenario contrafactual. Los resultados muestran que la migración internacional tiene, en promedio, un efecto neto positivo sobre la calidad de vida, pero se constatan frecuentes e intensos efectos negativos en el bienestar familiar.
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    Monetary and Multidimensional Poverty: Correlation, Mismatches, and a Combined Approach
    (Taylor & Francis, 2023) Martin C. Evans; Ricardo Nogales; Matthew Robson
    We consider the relationships between multidimensional and monetary poverty indices in international and national poverty profiles, and empirically explore the consequences of identifying poor people relying on a combination of both approaches. Taking first a cross-country perspective, focusing on 90 countries in the developing world, we corroborate that the incidence of poverty by money metrics and the global Multidimensional Poverty Index, a non-monetary measure of poverty, are correlated. Digging deeper, we use microdata from six countries—Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Ghana, and Uganda—to study the joint densities of monetary and multidimensional welfare and the poverty identification mismatches for a comprehensive array of poverty line pairs. Mismatches are important, particularly in the poorer countries. Although mismatches could be avoided by combining both approaches in a dual cutoff-based poverty measure, the choice of the monetary poverty line remains a considerable issue as it changes the nonmonetary composition of poverty.
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    Motivating self-employed women to contribute to social security in Bolivia
    (Elsevier BV, 2025) Lorena Heller; Rodrigo López; Ricardo Nogales
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    MOVILIDAD SOCIAL INTERGENERACIONAL Y BIENESTAR INDIVIDUAL: EVIDENCIA EMPÍRICA DEL CASO BOLIVIANO
    (2013) Ricardo Nogales; Pamela Córdova Olivera; Manuela Puente Beccar
    La movilidad social intergeneracional tiene una relación estrecha con el bienestar de un individuo. Sin embargo, la identificación de la fuerza de esta relación es muy compleja a razón, entre otros, de la complejidad misma del concepto de bienestar. El presente estudio aporta a la comprensión de esta relación en el caso boliviano, tomando en cuenta un concepto más amplio de bienestar individual que el ingreso/salario, el nivel de educativo o el status ocupacional, considerados como más tradicionales y que han guiado importantes estudios anteriores. A partir de la Encuesta de Movilidad y Estratificación Social (EMES-2009) realizada por PNUD Bolivia, que alimenta un modelo factorial basado en el Enfoque de Capacidades de Sen, se identifican dos aspectos complementarios del bienestar individual: la capacidad para el bienestar material y la capacidad para el bienestar subjetivo. Luego de construir métricas para ambos aspectos, se identifican algunos de sus determinantes, en base al Enfoque de Igualdad de Oportunidades de Roemer, con especial énfasis en el impacto que tienen algunas características del hogar de origen de los individuos, como la escolaridad del jefe, la de su cónyuge, el estilo de vida que ofrecía y la percepción de la clase social en el que se encontraba. Se presentan resultados contrastados para individuos en zonas urbanas y en zonas rurales del país, dando cuenta de rica y novedosa información cuantitativa sobre el grado de movilidad social intergeneracional en el país.
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    Multidimensional poverty and conflict events in Nigeria over time
    (SAGE Publishing, 2023) Ricardo Nogales; Christian Oldiges
    We analyse the relationship between multidimensional poverty trends and changing dynamics of conflict in Nigeria in 2008–2018. We take a wide notion of poverty going beyond purely monetary hardships and considering simultaneously experienced non-monetary deprivations. Focusing on poverty experienced by people living in conflict affected areas, post conflict-areas and peaceful areas helps us understand how well-being changes with conflict, and how conflict may alter previous trends of poverty reduction. We pay particular attention to address the changing nature of conflict within zones and across neighbouring states. For this, we compare the poverty–conflict nexus across bordering regions in a spatial regression framework. We find that conflict arises not necessarily in the poorest Nigerian states, but in some of the relatively better-off states. Furthermore, we find that although levels of the Multidimensional Poverty Index decreased between 2008 and 2013, conflict may have played a major role in halting these trends, if not reverting them.
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    Nudging Self-Employed Women to Contribute to Social Security
    (RELX Group (Netherlands), 2024) Lorena Heller; Rosario López; Ricardo Nogales
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    On the Advantages and Feasibility of Weather Index-Based Crop Insurance Schemes in Bolivia
    (Taylor & Francis, 2019) Ricardo Nogales; Pamela Córdova Olivera
    Weather index-based insurance schemes are gaining attention as instruments for agricultural risk management. A key difference between these insurance schemes and more traditional ones is that the former can cope more effectively with adverse selection and moral hazard issues, yielding less expensive insurance contracts. In this article, we argue that index-based crop insurance schemes can be particularly promising in Bolivia and discuss the essential technical requirements and methodological steps for igniting supply of these policies. Using daily rainfall data between 1967 and 2017, pilot insurance schemes for wheat and potato crops are developed for Anzaldo, one of Bolivia’s poorest agricultural-dependent rural municipalities. These policies are compared with the country’s current public fully subsidized crop-insurance program, which builds on traditional schemes. We prove that index-based schemes that offer variable reimbursing according to climate-induced crop damage allow to manage similar climate risks with significantly lower policy prices.
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    On the relationship between labor market policies and outcomes in Bolivia: A search and matching approach
    (University of Chile, 2019) Ricardo Nogales; Pamela Córdova Olivera; Manuel Urquidi
    In this paper we assess the relationship between labor policies and market outcomes in Bolivia, accounting for a large informal sector mostly comprised of self-employed entrepreneurs. We calibrate a job search and matching model to reproduce labor market features in 2013, a period in which important labor policy changes were simultaneously active for the first time. We focus on some effects of three specific policies namely a 14th salary, minimum wage increases and contributions to a 'solidary pension fund' on the sorting of workers between unemployment, formal and informal employment, as well as on the formal wage schedule.
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    On the Relationship Between Labor Market Policies and Outcomes in Bolivia: A Search and Matching Approach
    (Scientific Electronic Library Online, 2019) Ricardo Nogales; Pamela Córdova Olivera; Manuel Urquidi
    Abstract: In this paper we assess the relationship between labor policies and market outcomes in Bolivia, accounting for a large informal sector mostly comprised of self-employed entrepreneurs. We calibrate a job search and matching model to reproduce labor market features in 2013, a period in which important labor policy changes were simultaneously active for the first time. We focus on some effects of three specific policies namely a 14th salary, minimum wage increases and contributions to a ‘solidary pension fund’ on the sorting of workers between unemployment, formal and informal employment, as well as on the formal wage schedule.
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    On track or not? Projecting the global Multidimensional Poverty Index
    (Elsevier BV, 2023) Sabina Alkire; Ricardo Nogales; Natalie Naïri Quinn; Nicolai Suppa
    This paper proposes a framework for modelling projections of multidimensional poverty. We use recently published repeated observations of multidimensional poverty, based on time-consistent indicators, for 75 countries. We consider and evaluate different approaches to model these countries’ trajectories of poverty reduction. Our preferred model respects theoretical bounds, is supported by empirical evidence, and ensures consistency of our main measure with its subindices. In our empirical analysis we first use this approach to assess whether countries are on track to halve poverty incidence between 2015 and 2030 if recent trends continue – 51 are – before assessing the reasonableness of this target. Subsequently, we discuss implications of our modelling framework for computing projections under sustained efforts, setting poverty reduction targets, and the evaluation of trajectory changes. These implications mainly follow from the bounded nature of our outcome variables and are, therefore, applicable to a wide array of development indicators.
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    On Track or Not? Projecting the Global Multidimensional Poverty Index
    (RELX Group (Netherlands), 2022) Sabina Alkire; Ricardo Nogales; Natalie Naïri Quinn; Nicolai Suppa
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