Browsing by Autor "Richard Reithinger"

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Authors’ Response
(American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2019) Ana Lineth García; Richard Reithinger
We thank Mollinedo et al. 1 for their interest in and comments on our 2009 review of the leishmaniases in Bolivia. 2 Indeed, Mollinedo et al. 1 are correct: in one instance within our article, we unfortunately and incorrectly assigned Bolivia's sole visceral leishmaniasis (VL) focus in the Yungas region to the Department of Beni.We doubt, however, that this error "continues to confuse researchers" because 1) our article correctly states elsewhere that "all VL cases are reported from the Yungas region in the La Paz department" [p.705] and "Leishmania (L.) infantum, the causative agent of VL, was isolated from or detected in patients, dogs, and the insect vector Lutzomyia longipalpis in the Yungas region in the Department of La Paz." [p.706] and 2) cross-checking the original report by Desjeux P et al., 3 as well as a simple Google search would have clarified the correct location of the Yungas VL focus.As pointed out by Mollinedo et al., 1 some of the data and program information presented in our review came from normative documents by the Ministry of Health. 4,5Given that these documents did not have a suggested citation and were in addition endorsed by several Ministry of Health leaders besides having Mollinedo et al. as document contributors, we opted to assign authorship of the document to "anonymous" rather than "Mollinedo et al." or "Ministry of Health"-which is not an unusual practice when referencing official Ministry of Health strategy, policy, and other normative guidance documents.Mollinedo et al. 1 correctly stated that between 1983 and 2006, 35,714 cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) cases were reported.However, as per Table 2 in Ref. 3, these numbers include "all forms of leishmaniasis"; as stated in our article, this includes "31,095 cases of localized CL (LCL) and 4,619 cases of mucosal leishmaniasis" [p.704], that is 35,714 CL cases-this was based on the information we obtained when conducting our review in 2008.While we acknowledge that Figures 1B and 2 did not refer to Mollinedo et al. 3 in the figure legends per se, the article's narrative introducing the figures and the data presented therein makes ample reference to Mollinedo et al. and the National Program of Leishmaniasis Control.Also, we note that Figure 2 specifically refers to LCL rather than all leishmaniasis cases (see previous paragraphs) and, again, was based on the information available to us when conducting our review at that time.Given that our review has come of age, we would welcome to collaborate with Mollinedo et al. to document progress in leishmaniases' prevention and control efforts in Bolivia over the past decade.
Co-Infection of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and HIV: Report of a Case of Mucosal Leishmaniasis in Cochabamba, Bolivia
(American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2009) Faustino Torrico; Rudy Parrado; Rosario Castro; Carla Jimena Marquez; Mary Cruz Torrico; Marco Solano; Richard Reithinger; Ana Lineth García
We describe the first case of Leishmania/HIV co-infection reported in Bolivia. Initially hospitalized with a diagnosis of pneumonia and bronchitis, the patient had numerous cutaneous and mucosal lesions caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. The patient was also diagnosed as severely immunocompromised because of HIV infection.
Erratum—Vol. 15, No. 2
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009) Ernesto Rojas; Rudy Parrado; Raúl Delgado; Richard Reithinger; Ana Cristina Bicharra García; Editor JAS; A Garca; R Parrado; E Rojas; R Delgado
Leishmaniases in Bolivia: Comprehensive Review and Current Status
(American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2009) Ana Lineth García; Rudy Parrado; Ernesto Rojas; Raúl Delgado; Jean‐Claude Dujardin; Richard Reithinger
The leishmaniases are protozoan, zoonotic diseases transmitted to human and other mammal hosts by the bite of phlebotomine sandflies. Bolivia has the highest incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Latin America (LA), with 33 cases per 100,000 population reported in 2006. CL is endemic in seven of the country's nine administrative departments. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is comparatively rare and is restricted to one single focus. Most CL cases are caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis (85% cases); VL is caused by L. (L.) infantum. Seven sandfly species are incriminated as vectors and Leishmania infections have been detected in several non-human mammal hosts. Transmission is associated with forest-related activities, but recently, cases of autochthonous, urban transmission were reported. Because most cases are caused by L. (V.) braziliensis, Bolivia reports the greatest ratio (i.e., up to 20% of all cases) of mucosal leishmaniasis to localized CL cases in LA. Per national guidelines, both CL and VL cases are microscopically diagnosed and treated with pentavalent antimony.
Multiprimer PCR System Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Cochabamba, Bolivia
(American Society for Microbiology, 2007) Rudy Parrado; Daniel Lozano; Lineth García; Mary Cruz Torrico; Raúl Delgado; Faustino Torrico; Monica Laserna; Richard Reithinger
Bolivia has one of the highest incidence rates of tuberculosis (TB) in the Americas. An estimated 15,000 new cases per year are detected ([1][1]), which corresponds to an incidence rate of 112 cases per 100,000 population; 1,600 deaths due to TB are reported to occur annually ([10][2]). The actual
Prevalence of Leishmania spp. infection in domestic dogs in Chapare, Bolivia
(Elsevier BV, 2010) Rudy Parrado; Ernesto Rojas; Raúl Delgado; Mary Cruz Torrico; Richard Reithinger; Ana Lineth García
Sand Fly Fauna in Chapare, Bolivia: An Endemic Focus ofLeishmania(Viannia)braziliensis: Table 1.
(Oxford University Press, 2012) Marinely Bustamante; Mery Diaz; Jorge Espinoza; Rudy Parrado; Richard Reithinger; Ana Lineth García
Data on the distribution and abundance of Lutzomyia spp. (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Bolivia is scarce. Sand flies from an area of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis endemicity in the Isiboro-Secure National Park in the Department of Cochabamba were captured and identified to species. In total, 945 sand flies (789 females and 156 males) belonging to 15 species were collected from the four collection points in two study villages in 2007. With 549 (58.1%) specimens, Lutzomyia shawi was the most abundant species, followed by Lutzomyia (Trichophoromyia) sp. (22.2%), Lutzomyia llanosmartinsi (8.3%), Lutzomyia antunesi (4.3%), and Lutzomyia olmeca (2.1%). Abundance and species composition varied between rainy and dry seasons, with 99.3% of all sand flies being collected outdoors. Because of species abundance and confirmed Leishmania infection in previous entomological collections, we believe Lu. shawi is the vector of L. (Viannia) braziliensis in Isiboro-Secure National Park.