Browsing by Autor "Zoraida Aymara Mollinedo"

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FASCIOLA HEPÁTICA EN BOLIVIA: 44 AÑOS DE EVOLUCIÓN DE HIPERENDEMIA A PRE ELIMINACIÓN
(2023) Juan Sergio Mollinedo; Zoraida Aymara Mollinedo; Patrícia Gutiérrez; Pavel Elvin Mollinedo; Pavel Sergio Mollinedo; José Magne; Wilson Gironda; Jaime Alberto Restrepo Soto
Antecedentes.A partir del año 1978, se comenzó a documentar una prevalencia muy elevada de infección humana por Fasciola hepática en el Altiplano de Bolivia, país donde nunca había sido señalada la enfermedad.Materiales y Métodos.Nuestro objetivo es presentar una descripción general cronológica de los estudios.La revisión retrospectiva destaca la literatura gris realizada antes de 1990 y las investigaciones encontradas en bases de datos electrónicos a partir de 1989.Resultados.Tuvieron que transcurrir más de cuarenta años para encontrar respuesta al registro de infección por Fasciola hepática en humanos con prevalencias alrededor del 70%, para que mediante siete campañas de administración masiva de medicamentos (MDA) disminuyan a menos del 2%; este proceso cronológico de estudios es presentado en cuatro periodos sucesivos: 1º periodo : Caracterizada por registros clínico quirúrgico de ocasionales pacientes tratados en hospitales en la ciudad de La Paz.2º periodo (1978)(1979)(1980)(1981)(1982)(1983)(1984)(1985)(1986)(1987)(1988)(1989)(1990)(1991): Primeras encuestas coprológicas y serológicas que registran la hiperendemia y el área geográfica.3º periodo (1989)(1990)(1991)(1992)(1993)(1994)(1995)(1996)(1997): Estudios epidemiológicos, parasitológicos, malacológicos, pruebas de diagnóstico, tratamiento, definición del área hiperendemica y su vigilancia.4º periodo (2008-2020): Campañas de MDA.Conclusiones.La amplia investigación colaborativa con la Universidad de Valencia, dilucido particulares aspectos de la infección humana a gran altitud; describiendo la zona de hiperendemia más importante a nivel mundial, motivando campañas de MDA con donaciones de medicamentos, permitiendo ingresar en una etapa de pre-eliminación, restando ampliar las iniciativas para mejorar el agua de consumo, educación, saneamiento, higiene y el control y tratamiento de los animales.
LEISHMANIASIS EN BOLIVIA
(2020) Zoraida Aymara Mollinedo; S. Mollinedo
Leishmaniasis en Bolivia, revisión y estado actual en Tarija, frontera con Argentina
(National Institute of Health, 2020) Juan Sergio Mollinedo; Zoraida Aymara Mollinedo; Marcelo Magne; Wilson J. Gironda; Oscar Daniel Salomón
Introduction: In the department of Tarija in the Bolivian-Argentine border, human cases with ulcers on uncovered parts of the skin plus clinical and epidemiological characteristics related to leishmaniasis were reported for the first time in 1997. Objective: To describe and to verify the presence of leishmaniasis in Tarija, sixth endemic department in Bolivia. Materials and methods: We conducted both an outbreak study (November, 1998, to December, 2002) and a longitudinal study (1997 to 2018) in humans, as well as captures of Phlebotominae and potential reservoirs. Results: A total of 1,250 patients were registered; in the outbreaks, 190 (1998) to 249 cases (2002) were reported and inter-epidemic periods with 37 cases as an annual average; 68% of the patients were highland migrants who inhabited precarious housing near residual forests. The predominant sex was male (ratio 2:1); the most affected group (363/584 cases, 62%) was the economically active (15 to 49 years old); 124/584 cases (21%) were children under 15 years old, 33/584 of them were under 4 years old; 51 patients/584 (8.7%) had mucosal lesions. Leishmania (V.) braziliensis was isolated and characterized from mucous ulcers of sick dogs. Nyssomyia neivai, an abundant anthropophilic species incriminated as a probable vector, was captured. Conclusions: The initial 1997 leishmaniosis presence in the municipality of Bermejo had spread out over four municipalities in 2018 (Padcaya, Caraparí, Entre Ríos, and Yacuiba), northeast of the department of Tarija.
Mass Drug Administration of Triclabendazole for Fasciola Hepatica in Bolivia
(American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2019) S. Mollinedo; Patrícia Gutiérrez; Rosa Azurduy; Freddy Valle; Alejandra Salas; Zoraida Aymara Mollinedo; Paula Soto; Cleye F. Villarroel; Janet H. Ransom; Robb Lawrence
Human infection with Fasciola hepatica leads to obstruction of the common bile duct by adult worms and disease characterized by biliary colic, epigastric pain, and nausea. Recommended treatment is a single dose of triclabendazole (TCBZ) (10 mg/kg). Because in the 1990s the Bolivian Altiplano bordering Lake Titicaca was thought to have the highest prevalence of human fascioliasis worldwide, the Bolivian Ministry of Health instituted TCBZ mass drug administration (MDA). From 2008 to 2016 (excepting 2015), one dose of 250 mg was administered, usually in September/October, to each resident of highly endemic regions willing to participate. This is apparently the first reported use of MDA for Fasciola . The proportion of persons in key regions receiving TCBZ MDA was 87% in 2016. In 2017, we resurveyed key regions, and found that the MDA program had been dramatically successful. Whereas Fasciola prevalence was reported as 26.9% in Huacullani/Tiahuanaco and 12.6% in Batallas in 1999, there was 0.7% prevalence in Huacullani/Tiahuanaco and 1% in Batallas in 2017. However, lessons from schistosomiasis control efforts suggest that for sustained control of Fasciola infection, Fasciola MDA needs to be maintained and coupled with measures to control infection in the intermediary snail and in the animal hosts of F. hepatica .
Visceral Leishmaniasis in Bolivia: Current Status
(Brazilian Society of Tropical Medicine, 2020) Juan Sergio Mollinedo; Zoraida Aymara Mollinedo; Wilson J. Gironda; René Mollinedo; Paula Pacheco Mollinedo; Oscar Daniel Salomón
We confirmed that dogs are its primary reservoir, and Lutzomyia longipalpis is its main vector (currently dispersed in six departments). The primary vectors in areas where Lutzomyia longipalpis is absent are Migonemyia migonei and Lutzomyia cruzi.