Browsing by Fecha, starting with "2019"

Filter results by year or month

Now showing 1 - 20 of 45234

Liberalism and Property in Colombia: Property as a Right and Property as a Social Function
(2019) Daniel Bonilla
Structural and functional connectivity of ascending reticular activating system in a patient with impaired consciousness after a cardiac arrest
(Wolters Kluwer, 2019) Alejandra María Parra-Morales; Jorge Rudas; Jorge A. Vargas; Francisco Gómez; César O. Enciso-Olivera; Diana Trujillo‐Rodriguez; Darwin Martínez; José Ignacio Hernández; Edgar G. Ordóñez-Rubiano; Jorge H. Marín-Muñoz
Neuroimaging demonstrated low FA values in the ARAS, destruction of dorsal and ventral tegmental tracts, as well as hyper-connective (highly correlated or anti-correlated) association among ARAS and cortical nuclei compared with 3 healthy control subjects.
Vermicomposting process for treating animal slurry in Latin American rural areas
(SAGE Publishing, 2019) Máximo Lucio Nova Pinedo; Navarro Ferronato; Marco Ragazzi; Vincenzo Torretta
The management of animal slurry is a big issue in low-income rural areas worldwide. Bolivia suffers this issue related to collection, treatment and final disposal since the main solution applied is the open dumping. The aim of this study is to introduce a feasible treatment of animal slurry in the rural area of Carmen Pampa, where about 670 kg of dung are produced per day and disposed of in open areas. The objective is the improvement of the environmental sustainability and human health, providing an alternative solution for encouraging the circular economy. The study is focused on the vermicomposting process, a sustainable solution for low-income regions. The analysis was conducted in function of the earthworm breeds used locally ( Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus terrestris) and the application of activated bacteria (AB) for improving the process. The mass loss, the treatment time, and the growing rate of the earthworms were analyzed. The results suggest that the different breed of the worms allows gaining up to 19 days, while the use of the AB allows saving about 30 days. Moreover, the vermicomposting process reduced the mass of the slurry of about 65% for the swine's dung and the bovine's dung, and 90% of the hens' dung. Finally, experimental evidence shows that the growing rate of the E. fetida is higher than the L. terrestris (F[1,8] = 78, p < 0.05), with an average of about 193%. The data obtained could be of interest for other stakeholders who live in similar environmental, climatic, and economic conditions for improving sustainability.
Challenges of Organised Community Resistance in the Context of Illicit Economies and Drug War Policies: Insights from Colombia
(LSE Press, 2019) María Alejandra Vélez; Iván D. Lobo
The voice and role of communities, particularly their capacity to organise and resist, has been understudied in the specialised literature on illicit crops and largely ignored in policy debates. Based on ongoing research in Colombia, this policy paper explores the capacity of communities to organise and resist – as a manifestation of cultural and social capital – in the context of illicit economies. The paper argues that in the context of weak states, the effectiveness of drug policies could be enhanced by drawing upon and investing in communities’ organisational capacity and active local leadership to increase the non-monetary benefits of eradication and substitution. Acknowledging how resistance reflects the experiences of communities and responds to their different needs, the paper offers relevant insights for policy that can inform drug policy formulation in Colombia and similar contexts.
History and Structure in the Thought of René Zavaleta
(Brill, 2019) Luis Tapia Mealla
Abstract René Zavaleta set out to deepen the explanation of the history of Bolivia by developing a set of ideas about long-term structures of pre-Hispanic and colonial origin and their forms of overlap. This paper analyses the conceptual structure of Zavaleta’s proposal and the place of history within it.
How editors and publishers perceive their leadership behavior in Chilean and Spanish newsrooms. An approach from transformational leadership
(2019) Cristóbal Benavides; F.J. Pérez-Latre; Alfonso Sánchez‐Tabernero; María José Bosch
In the media industry, fast innovations and increasing competition require a high degree of corporate leadership (Koryak, Mole, Lockett, et al., 2015). The study of leadership appears to be an increasingly relevant issue. This research aims to find out to what extent leaders (editors and publishers) behave and understand their roles in Chilean and Spanish newsrooms. A questionnaire was applied to measure and identify leadership traits that are considered crucial, thus making possible to acknowledge transformational leaders and differentiate efficient leaders from ineffective. The results show that editors believe they have the ability to inspire, share goals and understand what is important, in contrast with the working experiences of their employees, that often have a low opinion of media companies as places to work.
Effect of liming products on soil detachment resistance, measured with a cohesive strength meter
(Taylor & Francis, 2019) Daniel Avilés; Kerstin Berglund; Ingrid Wesström; Abraham Joel
Good soil structure is important for achieving high productivity of agricultural land and also affects the ability of soil to withstand erosive forces. Given the importance of soil structure, efforts are commonly made to improve it, usually by application of amendments of different kinds (e.g. lime, biochar, compost, manure etc.). However, little is known about the effect of these amendments on the soil resistance to detachment. This study assessed the resistance to detachment of soil cores treated with different liming products, using a cohesive strength meter (CSM) which measures the rate of soil detachment under the action of water jets at different pressures. The amount of soil removed by the water jets was taken as an indirect measure of soil resistance to detachment, under the assumption that more resistant soils will lose less material than more susceptible soils at a given water jet pressure. The results showed that all soil amendments studied reduced detachment of particles under the action of water jets compared with unamended soil (control).
Factores que inciden en la aplicación de números racionales en educación básica secundaria en una zona de frontera.
(2019) Nayibe Rueda-Archila; David Romero‐Pérez; Carlos Sebastián Gómez-Vergel
Este artículo es resultado de la investigación; cuyo objetivo fue identificar los factores que inciden en el aprendizaje de lasoperaciones básicas con los números racionales en el área de matemáticas en el grado sexto de educación básica secundaria en la zona defrontera. A través de un enfoque cuantitativo apoyado en enfoque cualitativo con un diseño de análisis factorial, muestra 32 estudiantes, edadescomprendidas entre 11 y 14 años. Se utiliza como instrumento la observación directa, test aplicados a estudiantes, padres de familia y docentes.Resultados: variables asociadas a errores en la solución de problemas que involucran números racionales son hábitos de estudio, desinteréshacia el área de matemáticas, perfil inadecuado del docente, nivel académico alcanzando por madre de familia, apoyo al seguimiento académico,diferentes entornos familiares. En conclusión, existen cuatro factores asociados: motivación hacia las matemáticas, Características de la madrede familia, características emocionales del niño, acompañamiento en casa.
Developing High Medical Technology, a Challenge for Developing Countries: The Percutaneous Closure of Atrial Septal Defects Using Nit-Occlud ASD-R: Early and Mid-term Results
(SAGE Publishing, 2019) Alexandra Heath; Inge von Alvensleben; Joaquin Navarro; Gabriel Echazú; Rainer Kozlik‐Feldmann; Franz Freudenthal
The Nit-Occlud ASD-R device is safe and effective with very good closure rates.
ENSEÑAR A INVESTIGAR: Desafío para la Universidad del Siglo XXI|
(Libre University of Colombia, 2019) Mario Vidal Moruno
En la sociedad de la gestión del conocimiento, enseñar a investigar e investigar para enseñar se constituye en una actividad clave para la producción científica como contribución al desarrollo humano, social, científico, tecnológico y ambiental de la sociedad del siglo XXI. Estos dos tipos de procesos constituyen dos prácticas distintas, la de producir conocimiento nuevo y la de enseñar a producirlo. El desarrollo de este estudio permite delineando algunos elementos para construir los espacios más adecuados para el desarrollo de los procesos de la gestión del conocimiento, juntamente a los procesos de desarrollo de las competencias investigativas. En esa intención, el objetivo de la presente investigación es contribuir al análisis y comprensión de los procesos de enseñar a investigar en el contexto de la “formación de investigadores” a partir del desarrollo de competencias investigativas en los estudiantes y docentes para generar procesos de gestión del conocimiento. En la sociedad de la gestión del conocimiento, enseñar a investigar e investigar para enseñar se constituye en una actividad clave para la producción científica como contribución al desarrollo humano, social, científico, tecnológico y ambiental, hacia la formación de investigadores en la Universidad del siglo XXI.
Modelos y épocas de la evaluación educativa
(2019) Sergio Alejandro Arias Lara; L Nahiam Perseveranda Labrador; Blanca Gámez Valero
Actually many realities evolve in a way inducing the knowledge to acquire multiple connotations, bringing suggestive perspective about them. For many decades, experts and scientist have studied the evaluation like an algid process, because have surged from different models conceptions that throughout their historical development have promulgated according to their positioning being of this activity. The presented article expose the important evaluation models from a historical perspective.
Transporte, capital temporal y género
(Universidad Icesi, 2019) Juan M. Amaya-Castro; Daniela Palacio-Rodríguez
This text analyzes the ways in which a group of female workers in the city of Bogotá configure a set of specific spatio-temporal dynamics, giving their experience of public transportation. The basis for these dynamics lies on the conception of time as a value, as an essential investment that shapes the rest of the aspects related to the lives of these women. Time, then, revolves around two centers of gravity: work – in its various forms –and transportation. These centers of gravity are nodes in the organization of their daily lives. However, commuting undertakes this role because of its own indeterminacy. It is neither a spatio-temporal context that is part of work, even if it is necessary for this purpose, nor it is ‘leisure-time’. This indeterminacy leads us to the question of what role does labor law play in these dynamics; if it is not working time, nor leisure-time, then… whose time is it?
La psicología moral de la marioneta: conflicto y acuerdo en Las Leyes de Platón
(National University of Colombia, 2019) José Antonio Giménez
El trabajo presenta un modelo de psicología moral a partir del análisis del libro primero de las Leyes de Platón y, en particular, de la imagen de la marioneta. Entre los intérpretes contemporáneos se debate sobre si esta imagen compromete una comprensión de la templanza como “victoria” sobre los placeres o si más bien respalda una comprensión de esta virtud como “acuerdo” entre estos y la razón. Para responder a esta cuestión, se recurrirá a la psicología bipartita del Filebo. Esto permitirá reconocer, en la educación de la virtud, el conflicto entre afectos y, en el resultado de este proceso educativo, el acuerdo entre razón y afectividad.
Análisis de la dinámica de los indicadores de la economía del conocimiento desde la perspectiva empresarial en el corredor industrial Silao, León, San Francisco del Rincón en Guanajuato, México
(2019) Claudia Leticia Díaz-González; Carla Patricia Ordaz-Picón; David Asael Gutiérrez Hernández; Ariane Sánchez-Martínez
The concept of knowledge economy proposed by international organizations has led to transformation in the analysis of classical economics in order to explain the dynamics of development at local and regional levels under the concept of intangible assets (knowledge). The focus of this article is to analyze the behavior of some indicators of the level of the development of knowledge economy in a sample of companies in the Silao-Leon-San Francisco del Rincón corridor located in the state of Guanajuato, Mexico. To that end, the research team design a survey based on Methodology of Knowledge Economy (MEC) which combines some dimensions of the Research and Technological development survey (INEGI-CONACY, 2014). The results obtained from a total of 67 companies show that there is a low participation in the indicators of the knowledge economy despite the presence of important industrial clusters. It is possible to predict that situation will change in time considering that the drag dynamics, triggered by the supply chain will have an effect on the local economy in the search for the strengthening of the human capital, the investment in informational techniques, the certification of processes which are already seen as part of the competitive advantages of the region and which generates bonding and innovation opportunities among regional development agents.
Uso de metodologías colaborativas (prácticas dialógicas) en América Latina
(Universidad Católica Boliviana San Pablo, 2019) Óscar Eduardo Romero Bravo; Michelle Alejandra Berdeja Ruiz; Marystela Katalina de Gumucio Landívar; Noelia Belén Rojo Zabalaga; Luis Carlo Piérola Soliz; Camila Beatriz Vargas Andrade
Latin America faces different obstacles at a social, ecological and economic level, according to the context of each country. The development of this region depends on many factors; However, intercommunal and intracommunity collaboration and transdisciplinary research have become key elements for the diverse Latin populations to overcome the challenges they face. Recently, in this region, we have begun to opt for the application of what is known as dialogical practices from a transdisciplinary approach (very different from multidisciplinarity and interdisciplinarity) with the aim of reaching a common understanding among people, achieving an interactive multiactoral empowerment, promoting education for sustainable development, but above all, to motivate the critical participation of people in general so that they are protagonists of the evolution and development of their societies.
Biomass-burning and urban emission impacts in the Andes Cordillera region based on in-situ measurements from the Chacaltaya observatory, Bolivia (5240 m a.s.l.)
(2019) Chauvigné Aurélien; Diego Aliaga; Marcos Andrade; Patrick Ginot; Radovan Krejčí; Griša Močnik; Nadège Montoux; Isabel Moreno; Thomas Müller; Marco Pandolfi
Abstract. We present the variability of aerosol particle optical properties measured at the global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) station Chacaltaya (5240 m a.s.l.). The in-situ mountain site is ideally located to study regional impacts of the densely populated urban area of La Paz/El Alto, and the intensive activity in the Amazonian basin. Four year measurements allow to study aerosol particle properties for distinct atmospheric conditions as stable and turbulent layers, different airmass origins, as well as for wet and dry seasons, including biomass-burning influenced periods. The absorption, scattering and extinction coefficients (median annual values of 0.74, 12.14 and 12.96 Mm−1 respectively) show a clear seasonal variation with low values during the wet season (0.57, 7.94 and 8.68 Mm−1 respectively) and higher values during the dry season (0.80, 11.23 and 14.51 Mm−1 respectively). These parameters also show a pronounced diurnal variation (maximum during daytime, minimum during night-time, as a result of the dynamic and convective effects of leading to lower atmospheric layers reaching the site during daytime. Retrieved intensive optical properties are significantly different from one season to the other, showing the influence of different sources of aerosols according to the season. Both intensive and extensive optical properties of aerosols were found to be different among the different atmospheric layers. The particle light absorption, scattering and extinction coefficients are in average 1.94, 1.49 and 1.55 times higher, respectively, in the turbulent layer compared to the stable layer. We observe that the difference is highest during the wet season and lowest during the dry season. Using wavelength dependence of aerosol particle optical properties, we discriminated contributions from natural (mainly mineral dust) and anthropogenic (mainly biomass-burning and urban transport or industries) emissions according to seasons and tropospheric layers. The main sources influencing measurements at CHC are arising from the urban area of La Paz/El Alto, and regional biomass-burning from the Amazonian basin. Results show a 28 % to 80 % increase of the extinction coefficients during the biomass-burning season with respect to the dry season, which is observed in both tropospheric layers. From this analyse, long-term observations at CHC provides the first direct evidence of the impact of emissions in the Amazonian basin on atmospheric optical properties far away from their sources, all the way to the stable layer.
In Vitro Benznidazole and Nifurtimox Susceptibility Profile of Trypanosoma cruzi Strains Belonging to Discrete Typing Units TcI, TcII and TcV
(2019) Suzana Revollo; Bruno Oury; Andrea Vela; Michel Tibayrenc; Denis Séréno
We ascertain the in vitro Benznidazole (BZN) and Nifurtimox (NFX) susceptibility pattern of epimastigotes, trypomastigotes, and amastigotes of 21 T. cruzi strains, from patients, reservoir and triatomine bugs of various geographic origin. Using this panel of isolates, we compute the Epidemiological cut off value (COwt). Then, the frequency of the susceptible phenotype (Wild type) towards BZN and nifurtimox (NFX) within this set of strains belonging to 3 discrete typing units (DTUs), TcI, TcII, and TcV was deduced. We have observed that the susceptibility status of individual T. cruzi isolates toward BZN and NFX is related to the genetic background and to underlying factors probably related to the individual life trait history of each strain. Analyzing drug susceptibility in this conceptual framework would offers the possibility to evidence a link between isolates expressing a low susceptibility level (not wild-type) as define by the COwt value and none-curative treatment. It will also permit to tract drug-resistant parasites in T. cruzi population.
The disease progression and molecular defense response in Chenopodium quinoa infected with Peronospora variabilis , the causal agent of quinoa downy mildew
(2019) Oscar M. Rollano‐Peñaloza; Valeria Palma-Encinas; Susanne Widell; Allan G. Rasmusson; Patricia Mollinedo
Abstract The downy mildew disease, caused by the biotrophic oomycete Peronospora variabilis , is the largest environmental threat to quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) cultivation in the Andean highlands. However, so far no molecular information on the quinoa- Peronospora interaction has been reported. Here, we have developed tools to study the downy mildew disease in quinoa at gene expression level. Living P. variabilis could be isolated and maintained in the presence of a fungicide, allowing the characterization of downy mildew disease progression in two differently susceptible quinoa cultivars under controlled conditions. Quinoa gene expression changes induced by P. variabilis were analysed by qRT-PCR for quinoa homologues of Arabidopsis thaliana pathogen-associated genes. Overall, we observed a slower disease progression and higher tolerance in the quinoa cultivar Kurmi than in the cultivar Maniquena Real. We also observed that quinoa orthologs of A. thaliana genes involved in the salicylic acid defense response pathway ( AtCAT2 and AtEP3 ) did not have changes in its gene expression. In contrast, quinoa orthologs of A. thaliana gene markers of the induction of the jasmonic acid response pathway ( AtWRKY33 and AtHSP90 ) were significantly induced in plants infected with P. variabilis . These genes could be used as defense response markers to select quinoa cultivars that are more tolerant to P. variabilis infection.
Systematics, biogeography and diversification of Scytalopus tapaculos (Rhinocryptidae), an enigmatic radiation of Neotropical montane birds
(2019) Carlos Daniel Cadena; Andrés M. Cuervo; Laura N. Céspedes; Gustavo A. Bravo; Niels Krabbe; Thomas S. Schulenberg; Graham E. Derryberry; Luís Fábio Silveira; Elizabeth P. Derryberry; Robb T. Brumfield
Abstract We studied the phylogeny, biogeography and diversification of suboscine birds in the genus Scytalopus (Rhinocryptidae), a widespread, speciose, and taxonomically challenging group of Neotropical birds. We analyzed nuclear (exons, regions flanking ultraconserved elements) and mitochondrial (ND2) DNA sequence data for a taxonomically and geographically comprehensive sample of specimens collected from Costa Rica to Patagonia and eastern Brazil. We found that Scytalopus is a monophyletic group sister to Eugralla , and consists of three main clades roughly distributed in (1) the Southern Andes, (2) eastern Brazil, and (3) the Tropical Andes and Central America. The clades from the Southern Andes and Eastern Brazil are sister to each other. Despite their confusing overall uniformity in plumage coloration, body shape and overall appearance, rates of species accumulation through time in Scytalopus since the origin of the clade in the Late Miocene are unusually high compared to those of other birds, suggesting rapid non-adaptive diversification in the group which we attribute to their limited dispersal abilities making them speciation-prone and their occurrence in a complex landscape with numerous barriers promoting allopatric differentiation. Divergence times among species and downturns in species accumulation rates in recent times suggest that most speciation events in Scytalopus predate climatic oscillations of the Pleistocene. Our analyses identified various cases of strong genetic structure within species and lack of monophyly of taxa, flagging populations which likely merit additional study to establish their taxonomic status. In particular, detailed analyses of species limits are due in S. parvirostris, S. latrans, S. speluncae , the S. atratus complex, and the Southern Andes clade.
School Reorganization Reforms: The Case of School Networks in Colombia
(2019) Gregory Elacqua; Fabio Sánchez; Humberto Santos
To contribute to the debate about the reorganization of the public-school supply, in this paper we analyze a reform introduced in Colombia in 2001 that merged several independent small schools into a single educational institution, with the same name, administration, educational project and school principal. Specifically, we estimate the differences in student achievement and measures of teacher characteristics and technological infrastructure between school sites belonging to a multi-site institution with single-site schools. Our results suggest that there are no differences in standardized test scores, but at the same time, we found that school sites belonging to multi-site schools, especially those in larger networks (more than 6 sites) and located far away from the main site of the school, tend to have younger teachers that earn lower salaries and are more likely to have a temporary contract. We also find evidence that more isolated sites from large-sized schools have less of a probability to have access to the Internet and a computer room than single-site schools. From the point of view of public policy, these results provide suggestions of potential reforms that should be implemented to increase cooperation between sites within the same school.