Browsing by Tema "Armed conflict"

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A Contextual Adaptation of the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Victims of the Armed Conflict in Colombia
(Elsevier BV, 2018) Leónidas Castro-Camacho; Michel Rattner; Diana Melisa Quant; Laura Natalia González-García; Julián D. Moreno-Villamizar; Amantia Ametaj
Administrando la adversidad: respuestas empresariales al conflicto colombiano
(Universidad de Los Andes, 2002) Angelika Rettberg
Analyses of Colombia's internal conflict have focused upon armed actors, the state, the political and economic implications ofthe war, and its international projection, while prívate actors and non-combatants have received scant attention. This article not only refers to the behavior ofthe prívate sector and the ways in which it has been affected by the conflict, but also discusses this sector as a definitive agent of conflict resolution. However, the author also highlights the heterogeneity of both the prívate sector and its reactions to conflict, leading her to discuss the dijficulties of conceptualizing il as a unitary, proactive participant in the construction of peace.
Agricultural production amidst conflict : the effects of shocks, uncertainty and governance of non-state armed actors
(2012) Maria A. Arias; Ana María Ibáñez
This paper examines the effect of conflict on agricultural production of\nsmall-farmers. We use a unique household survey applied to 4.800\nhouseholds in four micro-regions of Colombia. The survey collects\ndetailed information on households’ economic conditions, incidence of\nviolent shocks, and presence of non-state armed actors. We separate the\neffects of conflict on direct impacts, measured through conflict-induced\nshocks, and indirect impacts, measured through years of presence of nonstate\narmed actors. The results show the association between lower\nagricultural production and conflict transmits through different channels.\nIn regions with an intense conflict, yearly agricultural revenues per\nhectare and investments are lower, and households concentrate production\non seasonal crops and pasture. Presence of non-state armed actors is\nassociated with an immediate increase in production costs, lower access\nto formal financial institutions, and lower investments. The results\nsuggest that households are affected by indirect and direct impacts that\nmay induce sub-optimal agricultural decisions. Although traditional\nreconstruction efforts are crucial, post-conflict policies should also aim to\nreduce uncertainty and improve the rule of law to foster increases in\nproduction.
Armed conflict characteristics and its effects on firm exit
(2012) Adriana Camacho; Catherine Rodríguez
This paper uses two unique panel data sets to study the causal effect that different characteristics of the armed conflict have over firm exit in Colombia.Using a fixed effects estimation methodology at the plant level and controlling for the possible endogeneity of armed conflict through the use of instrumental variables, we find that the particular armed group that operates in a given region, the level of polarization of the conflict as well as the specific target of the attack impact in a differential manner the probability of firm exit.This poses important implications for policy recommendations and actions in the different regions of the country.
Armed Conflict, Crime and Social Protest in South Bolivar (1996-2004)
(RELX Group (Netherlands), 2009) Gonzalo Vargas
Conflict, Educational Attainment, and Structural Transformation: La Violencia in Colombia
(University of Chicago Press, 2019) Leopoldo Fergusson; Ana María Ibáñez; Juan Riaño Rodríguez
We examine the long-term impact of violence on educational attainment, with evidence from Colombia’s La Violencia, a period of intense political violence in the mid-twentieth century. We find that individuals exposed to violence during and especially before their schooling years experience a significant and economically meaningful decrease in years of schooling. Exploring consequences beyond human capital accumulation, we show that exposed cohorts also engage in economic sectors that typically employ less qualified labor and are less likely to transition to jobs in manufacturing and services (relative to agriculture). Violence thus appears to place obstacles in the process of transitioning to more modern sectors, potentially affecting the structural transformation that may occur as income increases.
Conflicto Crudo: Petrrleo Y Conflicto Armado En Colombia (Crude Conflict: Oil and Armed Conflict in Colombia)
(RELX Group (Netherlands), 2016) Angelika Rettberg; Juan Diego Prieto
Conflicto, identidad y crítica de la memoria en Colombia.
(2018) Fabio Silva Vallejo; Angélica Hoyos Guzmán
This paper aims to interpret post-conflict discourse and policies drawing upon the criticism of memory in Colombia. Based upon our reading, this discourse imposes a dynamics of systematic oblivion, and leaves us unable to overcome wars, but it also gives place to forms of resistance to conflicts, and ways to preserve identities in spite of how marginalized communities affected by the armed conflict may be. With all of this, identity is left confined to war as a neoliberal imperialist policy within an evil circle of violence, which defines peace as a show, memory as capital, and multiplies the senses of survival. We end by concluding there is a need to show empathy towards the various memories, based upon new sensitivities to intervene in the policy of testimonial files, rethinking what is taught and spread as Historic Memory, and its impact in the country.
Criminal Justice Policy through the Use of Indicators: the Case of Sexual Violence in the Armed Conflict in Colombia
(LA Referencia, 2015) Marcela Abadía
La construcción de indicadores sobre violencia sexual en el marco del conflicto armado interno colombiano, que se deriva de las órdenes impartidas en la sentencia de la Corte Constitucional T-025 de 2004, y en específico del auto de seguimiento 092 de 2008 —a partir del cual la Corte decidió proteger los derechos de las mujeres víctimas del desplazamiento forzado—, se ha convertido en elemento central para la fijación de políticas criminales en el país en materia de violencia sexual. Este proceso de construcción de indicadores ha sido además caracterizado por una participación activa y conjunta entre organizaciones no gubernamentales feministas, la Corte Constitucional y el gobierno colombiano. Este artículo busca ilustrar cómo esta manera conjunta de construcción de indicadores, en especial con la intervención de lo que acá denomino feminismo punitivo, puede tener la capacidad de determinar políticas públicas criminales dirigidas a establecer la forma en que el Estado debe lidiar con la violencia sexual, incluyendo la ocurrida por fuera del contexto del conflicto armado interno. La discusión estará fundamentada en la idea de los indicadores como tecnología de gobierno y su uso como manera de legitimar lo que ha sido denominado “nuevas formas de control formal penal sobre delitos sexuales
Cuantificando los efectos económicos del conflicto: una exploración de los costos y los estudios sobre los costos del conflicto armado colombiano
(Universidad de Los Andes, 2008) Stéphanie Alvarez; Angelika Rettberg
It is common for both the practitioner and academic communities to consider the economic, political and social costs faced by combatant and non-combatant actors in the contexts of internal armed conflicts to identify the probability of a peace negotiation to occur. However, we know little about the dimensions of these costs. this article reviews both the official and the academic production on the different costs incurred by the colombian society and economy in the course of the country’s prolonged internal armed conflict. It identifies how these costs have been quantified by different authors and institutions and discusses some of the limitations of these studies. The article suggests that it would be convenient to specify the affected social sectors or productive activities at risk in order to fine tune our ability to identify, enlist, and mobilize crucial peacebuilding partners.
EL PROCESO DE PAZ CON LAS FARC: ¿UNA OPORTUNIDAD PARA REDUCIR LA POBREZA RURAL Y AUMENTAR LA PRODUCTIVIDAD AGROPECUARIA?
(Universidad de Los Andes, 2016) Ana María Ibáñez
The long-standing conflict in Colombia has inflicted substantial costs on the population and the economic development of the country. Since conflict occurs mainly in the country’s rural areas, the economic impacts of violence are higher for these territories. The purpose of this paper is to describe the impact of armed conflict on Colombia’s rural population and the current conditions of rural areas as well as discuss whether the peace agreements with FARC may contribute to improve these conditions.
El uso del discurso de los derechos humanos por parte de los actores armados en Colombia: ¿Humanización del conflicto o estrategia de guerra?
(LA Referencia, 2006) Juana Schlenker; Manuel Iturralde
En Colombia, los derechos humanos son principios normativos reconocidos por todos los grupos armados involucrados en el conflicto armado; sin embargo, en la práctica su violación se ha incrementado en las últimas décadas. Este artículo explora la manera en que las FARC, el ELN y las AUC entienden e incluyen en su discurso político los derechos humanos y el Derecho Internacional Humanitario, y pone de manifiesto la brecha que existe entre sus discursos y sus acciones. Los derechos humanos y el DIH se han convertido de esta manera en armas políticas dentro de la lógica de la guerra.El artículo considera el contexto más amplio en el que se desarrolla el conflicto armado colombiano para resaltar la dificultad que implica pasar de la retórica a la práctica de los derechos humanos. Se aborda así la manera en que se construyen relaciones sociales, lenguajes e identidades que reproducen la violencia, favorecen la exclusión y dificultan la apropiación del discurso de los derechos humanos. El artículo concluye con una serie de reflexiones sobre la posibilidad de que los derechos humanos recuperen su poder transformativo dentro del contexto colombiano y dejen de ser un discurso vaciado de contenido y manipulado dentro de la lógica de la guerra.
Escuela y memoria: transmisión intergeneracional de la Masacre de los Concejales en Puerto Rico, Caquetá, 2023
(2024) Paula Julieth Penagos Medina
La Masacre de los Concejales fue la primera masacre en contra de una corporación pública en el marco del conflicto armado interno colombiano. Ocurrió en Puerto Rico, Caquetá, territorio que ha sido duramente golpeado por la violencia armada y política y, por tal, este atentado ocupa un lugar destacado en la historia y memorias locales. Esta investigación se propone ilustrar las posibilidades de la escuela como vector de transmisión intergeneracional de memorias locales del pasado reciente colombiano, a través del estudio de caso de las herramientas e iniciativas mediante las que la Institución Educativa Sagrados Corazones promueve la vinculación de jóvenes de grado 11° a la memoria colectiva sobre la Masacre de los Concejales y, por otro lado, se busca analizar las formas en que operan en estos jóvenes estudiantes la construcción de sentidos sobre el acontecimiento en cuestión. En ese sentido, esta tesis parte de una metodología cualitativa, en la que se recurre a la historia oral, la revisión documental, las entrevistas semiestructuradas y grupos focales con distintos actores locales para lograr identificar la distintas memorias construidas sobre la Masacre, comprender los dispositivos pedagógicos y curriculares a través de los cuales la Institución Educativa Sagrados Corazones promueve la vinculación y socialización de la memoria colectiva sobre la Masacre en sus estudiantes de grado 11° y analizar los sentidos que estos jóvenes han construido sobre dicho acontecimiento. Este estudio es una invitación para que las escuelas colombianas asuman su responsabilidad y misión en la construcción de paz mediante la promoción de trabajos de la memoria del pasado reciente que permitan formar nuevas generaciones capaces y dispuestas a rechazar el uso de la violencia armada.
Fabricación de “armas” o piernas: un análisis de la representación de cuerpos de soldados mutilados en el conflicto armado colombiano
(2016) Chloe Rutter-Jensen
Este artículo examina la representación de dos imágenes de cuerpos con discapacidad de alta circulación en los medios masivos colombianos. Las dos imágenes de soldados colombianos discapacitados por minas anti-personales en el conflicto armado colombiano parecen desafiar la normatividad corporal en los medios. En este texto, yo planteo que, a pesar de visibilizar a estos cuerpos, los retratos de los soldados reproducen una normatividad de masculinidad y belleza estética.
Firm exit and armed conflict in Colombia
(2010) Adriana Camacho; Catherine Rodríguez
This paper uses two unique panel data sets to study the causal effect that armed conflict has over entrepreneurial activity in Colombia.Using a fixed effect estimation methodology at the plant level and controlling for the possible endogeneity of armed conflict through the use of instrumental variables, we find that a one standard deviation in the number of guerrilla and paramilitary attacks in a municipality increases the probability of firm exit in 8.1 percentage points.This effect is stronger for smaller plants and has a differential impact with respect to firms' age.
French Military Intervention in Mali: Inevitable, Consensual yet Insufficient
(Ubiquity Press, 2013) Isaline Bergamaschi
This practice note offers an account of France’s military intervention in Mali launched on 11 January 2013. Firstly, it provides an analysis of the events that led up to the dual crisis in the country’s northern and southern regions and to a new wave of armed conflict between government and rebel forces. Then, it is argued that although the French military intervention was framed as inevitable and based on a broad consensus, it will nevertheless be insufficient to address the root sociopolitical causes of Mali´s multidimensional crisis.
Illicit Crops and Armed Conflict as Constraints on Biodiversity Conservation in the Andes Region
(Springer Science+Business Media, 2005) Jon Fjeldså; María D. Álvarez; Juan Mario Lazcano; Blanca León
Coca, once grown for local consumption in the Andes, is now produced for external markets, often in areas with armed conflict. Internationally financed eradication campaigns force traffickers and growers to constantly relocate, making drug-related activities a principal cause of forest loss. The impact on biodiversity is known only in general terms, and this article presents the first regional analysis to identify areas of special concern, using bird data as proxy. The aim of conserving all species may be significantly constrained in the Santa Marta and Perijá mountains, Darién, some parts of the Central Andes in Colombia, and between the middle Marañón and middle Huallaga valleys in Peru. Solutions to the problem must address the root causes: international drug markets, long-lasting armed conflict, and lack of alternative income for the rural poor.
Impact of The Armed Conflict in Colombia: Consequences in The Health System, Response and Challenges
(Research Square (United States), 2022) Óscar Bernal; Tatiana Garcia-Betancourt; Sebastián León-Giraldo; Lina Rodríguez; Catalina González-Uribe
Abstract Introduction In Colombia, health and conflict research has focused on mental health, psychosocial care, displacement, morbidity and mortality. Few scientific studies have assessed health system functioning during armed conflict. In the context of a new period characterized by the implementation of the peace agreement with the FARC armed group, understanding the effects of armed conflict in the health system, the functions and institutions shaped by the conflict is an opportunity for understating pathways and the scope post-conflict health policy reforms. Therefore, this study was conceived to assess the effects of armed conflict on the health system, the response and mechanisms developed to protect medical mission during the armed conflict in Colombia. Methods A qualitative study was conducted using semi-structured interviews and focus group discussion. The qualitative guide collected information in four sections: 1) conflict and health system; effects and barriers in health service provision, 2) actions and coordination to cope with those barriers 3) health policies and armed conflict 4) post accord and current situation. A total of 22 people participated in the interviews, including 8 Policymakers at national level and 7 at local level – 2 NGO´s – 5 Members of international organizations. An academic project event in December 2019 and four focus group were developed (Coffee World technique), to discuss with national and local stakeholder, the effects of armed conflict in health system and an analytical framework to analyze its consequences Results The conflict affected the health-seeking behavior of the population, limited access to healthcare provision, affected health professionals, and was associated with inadequate medical supplies in conflict areas. The health system implemented mechanisms to protect the medical mission, regulate healthcare provision in conflict areas and committed to healthcare provision (mental and physical health services) for the population displaced by the conflict. Conclusion Presence, trust and legitimacy of the state has been truncated during recent years, but its recovery is essential and must be based on the real presence of the state and health services in the territories and dispersed rural areas.
Influencia del conflicto armado en la agricultura en dos municipios del oriente de Colombia 1998 - 2014
(Autonomous University of Chile, 2023) Ana Milea Gómez Márquez
La influencia del conflicto armado sobre los territorios se refleja, entre otros, en el uso agrícola del suelo, particularmente en los usos capitalistas y/o campesinos. Este artículo busca causas que expliquen las diferencias en el cambio del uso agrícola del suelo en Mesetas y Vistahermosa como efecto del conflicto armado (1998-2014). Para eso, se realizó una comparación enfocada y estructurada de los municipios. Se encontró que la razón central de las diferencias en cultivos capitalistas y campesinos de los municipios fue la presencia diferenciada de actores armados. Aunque los municipios mostraron tendencia a adaptar los usos del suelo al conflicto, luego de un período más intenso, en Mesetas el conflicto generó decrecimiento mientras en Vistahermosa crecieron los cultivos capitalistas.
La internacionalización del conflicto armado después del 11 de septiembre: ¿la ejecución de una estrategia diplomática hábil o la simple ocurrencia de lo inevitable?
(Universidad de Los Andes, 2007) Sandra Borda Guzmán
The current U.S.war against international terrorism constitutes a superb scenario for the internationalization of the Colombian armed conflict, a strategy that the administration of President Uribe is advancing. The internationalization policy is an explicit and conscious decision to invite external actors—mainly the U.S.—to participate in the Colombian war.This decision is clearly conditioned by the international arena. Both rationalist and constructivist approaches in International Relations provide key elements to explain why the Colombian government decides to internationalize its conflict, and to identify what are the main components of this foreign policy strategy.