CRISES EPILÉPTICAS E ESTADO DE MAL EPILÉPTICO

Abstract

Epileptic seizures and status epilepticus represent neurological medical emergencies that can be challenging to manage clinically. Early recognition, proper assessment and prompt treatment are essential to ensure better patient outcomes. This study aims to review the pathophysiology, triggering factors, diagnostic and therapeutic approach, as well as the complications associated with epileptic seizures and status epilepticus. This is a bibliographic review, using qualitative premises, with the PubMed, Scopus, Scielo and Web of Science databases. The health descriptors “Epileptic seizures” and “Status epilepticus” were used to better refine the research. The work in question also included the establishment of inclusion and exclusion criteria and a time frame between 2001 and 2017. Epileptic seizures are paroxysmal events of abnormal electrical activity in the brain, which can manifest in various ways, from involuntary movements to alterations in consciousness. Status epilepticus is a medical emergency characterized by prolonged seizures or recurrent seizures without complete recovery of consciousness between them. The initial approach includes assessment of the airway, breathing and circulation, followed by treatment with benzodiazepines, such as diazepam or lorazepam, to stop the seizures. If the status epilepticus persists, other therapeutic measures, such as phenytoin, levetiracetam or intravenous anesthetics, may be necessary. Complications such as traumatic injuries, respiratory failure, cerebral edema and cardiac arrhythmias can occur, highlighting the importance of adequate monitoring and support during treatment. Proper management of epileptic seizures and status epilepticus requires a multidisciplinary approach, with emphasis on early identification, immediate treatment and prevention of complications. Educating patients and caregivers about the disease, its symptoms and seizure management is essential for improving quality of life and reducing the risks associated with these conditions.