Leopoldo FergussonCarlos MolinaJames A. Robinson2026-03-222026-03-22202010.1111/ecca.12399https://doi.org/10.1111/ecca.12399https://andeanlibrary.org/handle/123456789/83977enClientelismIncentiveState (computer science)PoliticsWeaknessPolitical economyPolitical scienceTrap (plumbing)Economicspreprint