Juan Pedro RonconiDiego Ramos-Toro2026-03-222026-03-22202510.1093/jeea/jvaf064https://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvaf064https://andeanlibrary.org/handle/123456789/78924Abstract This paper studies conscription’s role in durably shaping attitudes and beliefs consistent with nation-building. We pair original survey data covering 29 cohorts of conscripts in Argentina with random variation in service emerging from a lottery. We find that serving in the military leads to a stronger national identity and social integration several decades after serving but does not affect civic behaviors such as voting or paying taxes. Value inculcation during service helps explain the baseline patterns, while exposure to and interaction with diverse peers reinforce but do not drive the results.enMilitary serviceVotingAffect (linguistics)Service (business)Variation (astronomy)Value (mathematics)Survey data collectionIdentity (music)BusinessPublic relationsarticle