Thermodynamical and dynamical stability of Einstein–Maxwell and extremal Einstein–Born–Infeld thin shells in $$(2 \mathbf {+}\ 1)$$ dimensions

Dario Olmos CayoZui OportoM. L. Peñafiel2026-03-222026-03-22202510.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14963-8https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14963-8https://andeanlibrary.org/handle/123456789/78244enPhysicsStability (learning theory)Parametrization (atmospheric modeling)Work (physics)Entropy (arrow of time)Nonlinear systemClassical mechanicsShell (structure)Range (aeronautics)Statistical physicsThermodynamical and dynamical stability of Einstein–Maxwell and extremal Einstein–Born–Infeld thin shells in $$(2 \mathbf {+}\ 1)$$ dimensionsarticle