Cristina BallartMary Cruz TorricoGisela VidalFaustino TorricoDaniel LozanoMontserrat GállegoLilian PintoErnesto RojasRuth AguilarCarlota Dobaño2026-03-222026-03-22202110.1371/journal.pntd.0009223https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009223https://andeanlibrary.org/handle/123456789/45801Citaciones: 15In Bolivia, parasitological diagnosis remains the reference standard in diagnosis of leishmaniasis because of its high specificity, whereas the sensitivity varies over a wide range leading to loss of cases. Until more accurate tools are implemented, all patients should be tested by both smears and culture of lesion aspirates to minimize the risk of false negatives. Our results showed higher concentrations of several cytokines in MCL compared to CL, but no differences were observed between CL and no-cases. In addition, none of the cytokines differed between primary and secondary infections. These results highlight the need of further research to identify biomarkers of susceptibility and disease progression, in addition to looking at the local cellular immune responses in the lesions.enMedicineLeishmaniasisCutaneous leishmaniasisEpidemiologyDiseaseImmunologyGiemsa stainLeishmaniaInternal medicineDermatologyarticle