Gianfranco Spavieri2026-03-222026-03-22200510.1140/epjd/e2005-00328-9https://doi.org/10.1140/epjd/e2005-00328-9https://andeanlibrary.org/handle/123456789/53816Citaciones: 15enAharonov–Bohm effectPhysicsIntroduction to gauge theoryGauge theoryDuality (order theory)Quantum electrodynamicsElectromagnetic fieldQuantum mechanicsGauge fixingDipolePhase (or gauge) invariance and new field-free Aharonov-Bohm effectsarticle