Rubén Basantes-SerranoAntoine RabatelBernard FrancouChristian VincentÁlvaro SorucoThomas CondomJean Carlo Ruíz2026-03-222026-03-22202210.5194/tc-2022-70-rc2https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-70-rc2https://andeanlibrary.org/handle/123456789/86969<strong class="journal-contentHeaderColor">Abstract.</strong> We present a comprehensive study of the evolution of the glaciers on the Antisana ice cap (tropical Andes) over the period 1956–2016. Based on geodetic observations of aerial photographs and high-resolution satellite images, we explore the effects of morpho-topographic and climate variables on glacier volumes. Contrasting behaviour was observed over the whole period, with two periods of strong mass loss, 1956–1964 (<span class="inline-formula">−0.72</span> m w.e. yr<span class="inline-formula">⁻¹</span>) and 1979–1997 (<span class="inline-formula">−0.82</span> m w.e. yr<span class="inline-formula">⁻¹</span>), and two periods with slight mass loss, 1965–1978 (0.10 m w.e. yr<span class="inline-formula">⁻¹</span>) and 1998–2016 (<span class="inline-formula">−0.26</span> m w.e. yr<span class="inline-formula">⁻¹</span>). There was a 42 % reduction in the total surface area of the ice cap. Individually, glacier responses were modulated by morpho-topographic variables (e.g. maximum and median altitude and surface area), particularly in the case of the small tongues located at low elevations (Glacier 1, 5 and 16) which have been undergoing accelerated disintegration since the 1990s and will likely disappear in the coming years. Moreover, thanks to the availability of aerial data, a surging event was detected on the Antisana Glacier 8 (G8) in the 2009–2011 period; such an event is extremely rare in this region and deserves a dedicated study. Despite the effect of the complex topography, glaciers have reacted in agreement with changes in climate forcing, with a stepwise transition towards warmer and alternating wet–dry conditions since the mid-1970s. Long-term decadal variability is consistent with the warm–cold conditions observed in the Pacific Ocean represented by the Southern Oscillation index.enSpan (engineering)GlacierPeriod (music)GeologyAltitude (triangle)Atmospheric sciencesPhysical geographyMathematicspeer-review