Browsing by Autor "Carmen Ledo"

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Contextualizing Sustainable Development for Small Scale Water and Sanitation Systems in Cochabamba, Bolivia
(2013) Ida Helgegren; Helena Siltberg; Sébastien Rauch; Mikael Mangold; Graciela Landaeta; Carmen Ledo
El impacto de las migraciones cochabambinas en el marco de las transformaciones globales de las migraciones
(2014) Isabel Yépez Del Castillo; Carmen Ledo; Jean‐Michel Lafleur
El controvertido debate entre demografos y sociologos sobre la magnitud de las migraciones, sus consecuencias sociales y la cuantificacion socio-demografica de las migraciones internacionales es un tema sobre el que no se ha llegado a un consenso. A pesar del cada vez mayor interes por el tema, la multiplicacion de fuentes en los paises de destino y de origen como son los censos, las encuestas socio-profesionales, las estadisticas de ministerios y agencias gubernamentales, y las investigaciones cientificas cuantitativas, todavia no permiten el desarrollo de un perfil cuantitativo completo de las poblaciones migrantes. Ello se debe a que los flujos migratorios, el perfil de los emigrantes, sus ocupaciones, las remesas que envian y las consecuencias familiares de los flujos migratorios, se miden a diferentes niveles con distintos instrumentos, y adolecen de una falta de vision de conjunto de la experiencia migratoria de algunas comunidades.
Food, lifestyle and diabetes in Cochabamba, Bolivia
(Anthropology of Food, 2025) Rodrigo Alvaro Quispe Condori; Johan Wedel; Carmen Ledo
La Bolivie a connu des changements dans ses habitudes alimentaires au cours des dernières décennies. Dans la ville de Cochabamba, les aliments transformés, riches en calories et frits, contenant des graisses saturées et du sucre, deviennent populaires au détriment des aliments complets traditionnels et nutritifs à base de plantes, entraînant une augmentation rapide de l'obésité et des affections associées, comme le diabète de type 2. Dans cet article, basé sur des entretiens semi-dirigés avec dix personnes souffrant de diabète de type 2 dans deux milieux semi-urbains à faible revenu à la périphérie de Cochabamba, nous explorons la relation entre la consommation alimentaire, le mode de vie et la maladie. En se concentrant sur la manière dont les facteurs socioculturels sont liés aux expériences individuelles de consommation alimentaire, aux relations familiales et de parenté, ainsi qu’aux problèmes de santé et aux handicaps liés au diabète, il est démontré que les processus de modernité s’incarnent dans la physiologie et le métabolisme de l’individu. Dans l’ensemble, les personnes interrogées avaient peu de contrôle sur les facteurs sociaux, culturels et économiques qui structuraient leur vie. Les personnes interrogées qui ont essayé d’adhérer à une alimentation plus saine, avec moins de graisses et de sucre, ont rencontré des difficultés à respecter les normes et valeurs sociales en matière d’alimentation et ont été victimes d’exclusion sociale.
InSAR Ground Deformation and Pumping Energy Consumption Reveal Urban Water Security
(Wiley, 2026) Martin Marañon; Alfredo Durán; Rígel Rocha; Monika Winder; Carmen Ledo; M. P. Sanders; Alfredo Mendoza; Seifeddine Jomaa
Abstract Water resource assessments are critical for ensuring water security (WS), particularly in rapidly urbanizing regions with increasing water demand and limited water monitoring capabilities. Earth observations and indirect indicators of surface and groundwater changes are valuable tools for developing such assessments. This study examines WS by combining trends in pumping energy consumption and water‐induced ground deformation over time and space in the sprawling metropolitan region of Cochabamba, Bolivia. We integrate Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar data with pumping energy consumption records from an extensive well network in the period 2012 to 2022. Statistical analysis identifies four trends in energy consumption (increasing, decreasing, stable, and no consumption) and three in ground deformation (uplift, subsidence, and no change). Based on these trends, we define four WS scenarios: WS, Threatened Water Security, water insecurity (WI), and Reversible Water Insecurity. Results reveal predominant domestic groundwater use and an increasing trend in energy consumption by pumping. In more than 1000 of these wells, both unsustainable water use and subsidence occur, implying WI. This study demonstrates the potential of combining InSAR‐derived ground deformation and pumping energy consumption as a cost‐effective and scalable groundwater monitoring tool for WS assessments.
Managing Microbial Risks from Indirect Wastewater Reuse for Irrigation in Urbanizing Watersheds
(American Chemical Society, 2016) Matthew E. Verbyla; Erin M. Symonds; Ram C. Kafle; Maryann R. Cairns; Mercedes Iriarte; Alvaro Mercado; Olver Coronado; Mya Breitbart; Carmen Ledo; James R. Mihelcic
Limited supply of clean water in urbanizing watersheds creates challenges for safely sustaining irrigated agriculture and global food security. On-farm interventions, such as riverbank filtration (RBF), are used in developing countries to treat irrigation water from rivers with extensive fecal contamination. Using a Bayesian approach incorporating ethnographic data and pathogen measurements, quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) methods were employed to assess the impact of RBF on consumer health burdens for Giardia, Cryptosporidium, rotavirus, norovirus, and adenovirus infections resulting from indirect wastewater reuse, with lettuce irrigation in Bolivia as a model system. Concentrations of the microbial source tracking markers pepper mild mottle virus and HF183 Bacteroides were respectively 2.9 and 5.5 log10 units lower in RBF-treated water than in the river water. Consumption of lettuce irrigated with river water caused an estimated median health burden that represents 37% of Bolivia's overall diarrheal disease burden, but RBF resulted in an estimated health burden that is only 1.1% of this overall diarrheal disease burden. Variability and uncertainty associated with environmental and cultural factors affecting exposure correlated more with QMRA-predicted health outcomes than factors related to disease vulnerability. Policies governing simple on-farm interventions like RBF can be intermediary solutions for communities in urbanizing watersheds that currently lack wastewater treatment.
[The health system of Bolivia].
(National Institutes of Health, 2011) Carmen Ledo; René Soria
This paper describes the Bolivian health system, including its structure and organization, its financing sources, its health expenditure, its physical, material and humans resources, its stewardship activities and the its health research institutions. It also discusses the most recent policy innovations developed in Bolivia: the Maternal and Child Universal Insurance, the Program for the Extension of Coverage to Rural Areas, the Family, Community and Inter-Cultural Health Model and the cash-transfer program Juana Azurduy intended to strengthen maternal and child care.