Browsing by Autor "Evelyn Cardozo"

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A techno-economic and life cycle assessment of a new power and biomass to liquids (PBtL) configuration with negative emissions for producing sustainable aviation fuel (SAF)
(Elsevier BV, 2024) Maria Fernanda Rojas Michaga; Stavros Michailos; Evelyn Cardozo; Kevin J. Hughes; D.B. Ingham; Mohamed Pourkashanian
• Combined TEA and LCA of an integrated PBtL-CCS-SAF system. • The MJSP is OPEX intensive due to high electricity consumption, and biomass cost. • The WtWa GWP is negative for all the PBtL-CCS scenarios and falls below the UK-SAF mandate threshold. • The WtWa water footprints of the PBtL-CCS are greater than the one of fossil jet fuel. • SAF certificates could help to break-even with the conventional jet fuel. A novel configuration of the hybrid Power-and-Biomass to Liquids (PBtL) pathway for producing sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) has been developed and assessed from a techno-economic and environmental perspective. The proposed configuration can achieve negative emissions and hence a new bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) route is proposed. The amount of CO 2 that is captured within the process and that is sent for storage ranges from 0 % to 100 %, defining the various PBtL-CCS scenarios that are evaluated. Mass and energy balances have been established through process modelling in Aspen Plus and validated using data available in the literature. Further, the System Advisor Model (SAM) tool was used to model a dedicated offshore wind farm, based on location specific wind data. Results from the technical assessment have set the foundation for economic and environmental evaluations. The economic evaluation of the proposed SAF production configurations estimates minimum jet fuel selling prices (MJSP) ranging from 0.0651 to 0.0673 £/MJ, mainly driven by electricity consumption and feedstock cost. Costs for CO 2 compression, transport, and storage have a small contribution to the MJSPs of all the proposed scenarios. Global warming potentials range from −105.33 to 13.93 gCO 2eq /MJ, with PBtL-CCS scenarios offering negative emissions and aligning with the aviation industry’s net-zero ambition for 2050. Water footprints range from 0.52 to 0.40 l/MJ, mainly driven by the water requirements of the alkaline electrolyser and refinery, followed by the wind electricity water footprint. Based on the outputs of the assessments, the resulting SAF could benefit of the support proposed by the UK SAF mandate, which could boost their economic performance by awarding certificates with monetary value. Estimates indicate that the cost of certificates that breakeven the fossil jet fuel price could reduce if negative emissions are also rewarded under this scheme. Overall, the study introduces for the first time and assesses a novel net-negative SAF configuration, and the new information generated provides meaningful insights to a variety of stakeholders such as process developers, academics and policy makers.
Assessing the bioenergy potential in South America: Projections for 2050
(Elsevier BV, 2024) Angelica Magne; Dilip Khatiwada; Evelyn Cardozo
Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) potential in jet fuel production from forestry residues: A combined Techno-Economic and Life Cycle Assessment approach
(Elsevier BV, 2022) Maria Fernanda Rojas Michaga; Stavros Michailos; Muhammad Akram; Evelyn Cardozo; Kevin J. Hughes; D.B. Ingham; Mohamed Pourkashanian
In this study, the economic and environmental feasibility of a process configuration based on the Bioenergy and Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) concept is assessed. The research analyses the production of jet fuel from forestry residues-derived syngas via the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) technology. Further, the CO2 removed in the syngas cleaning section is not released to the environment, instead it is permanently sequestrated. The produced Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) has the potential to achieve negative emissions. The present research is a one-of-a-kind study for the jet fuel production within the BECCS concept. The process has been modelled within the Aspen Plus and Matlab software to obtain detailed and realistic mass and energy balances. Based on these balances, the technical, economic and environmental parameters have been calculated. Based on a plant that treats 20 dry-t/h of forest residues, 1.91 t/h of jet fuel are produced, while 11.26 t/h of CO2 are permanently stored. The inclusion of the CCS chain in the biorefinery increase the minimum jet fuel selling price from 3.03 £/kg to 3.27 £/kg. The LCA results for global warming show a favourable reduction in the BECCS case, in which negative emissions of −121.83 gCO2eq/MJ of jet fuel are achieved, while without CCS case exhibits GHG emissions equal to 15.51 gCO2eq/MJ; in both cases, the multi-functionality is faced with an energy allocation approach. It is, then, evident the significant environmental advantages of the BECCS process configuration. Nevertheless, financial feasibility can only be attained through the implementation of existing policy schemes and the formulation of new strategies that would reward negative emissions. The application of the UK’s policy “Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation” and a hypothetical scheme that rewards negative CO2 emissions, breaks-even the Minimum Jet fuel Selling Price (MJSP) at 1.49 £/kg for a certificate and carbon price of 0.20 £/certificate and 246.64 £/tonne of CO2.
Biomass-based Brayton-Stirling-AGMD polygeneration for small-scale applications in rural areas
(Elsevier BV, 2024) Luis A. Choque Campero; Wujun Wang; Evelyn Cardozo; Andrew R. Martin
The lack of access to electricity and clean water still affects a substantial proportion of rural areas worldwide, in particular the global south. This paper presents a sustainable polygeneration system that can provide electricity, heat, and drinking water by using agricultural residues in remote rural areas. This polygeneration system consists of a solid biomass-fueled Brayton-Stirling combined cycle system, a boiler, and an air-gap membrane distillation unit. Four different system operation modes were designed to examine the most ideal configurations for maximizing power output, overall efficiency, and/or clean water production, considering a polygeneration system designed for a rural village with daily demands of 13450 kWh electricity and 7.5 m3 drinking water. A thermodynamic analysis are employed to analyze and compare these modes, each operating under steady state conditions. The highest electricity output, up to 160 kW, while the highest clean water is up to 0.7 m3/h. The fuel consumption can reach 0.9 kWh/kg of solid fuel and provide up to 0.0045 m3 of freshwater. In addition, nonlinear multi-objective optimization is used to meet the power demands of typical day in rural areas by varying the polygeneration operation modes and turbine inlet temperature.
Combustion of agricultural residues: An experimental study for small-scale applications
(Elsevier BV, 2013) Evelyn Cardozo; Catharina Erlich; Lucio Alejo; Torsten Fransson
Comparison of the thermal power availability of different agricultural residues using a residential boiler
(Springer Nature, 2016) Evelyn Cardozo; Catharina Erlich; Lucio Alejo; Torsten Fransson
Concentrated solar pyrolysis for oil palm biomass: An exploratory review within the Malaysian context
(Elsevier BV, 2023) Alia Syafiqah Abdul Hamed; Nurul Iffah Farhah Mohd Yusof; Muhammad Syarifuddin Yahya; Evelyn Cardozo; Nur Farizan Munajat
Decentralized biomass-based Brayton-Stirling power cycle with an air gap membrane distiller for supplying electricity, heat and clean water in rural areas
(Elsevier BV, 2024) Luis A. Choque Campero; Wujun Wang; Evelyn Cardozo; Andrew R. Martin
Ensuring access to essential services, such as clean water and electricity, is a key challenge for achieving sustainable development goals in rural areas. This study proposes a novel Brayton-Stirling combined cycle-based cogeneration system for utilizing locally available biomass waste to generate both electricity and clean water. The system employs an externally fired gas turbine, a Stirling engine, and an air–gap membrane distiller. Four operation modes—parallel-powered, fully-fired, straightforward, and by-pass—were modeled for their efficiency and output. Four operation modes can be switched by two three-way valves. Sunflower husk, identified as the most effective biomass source, enabled the system to achieve up to 160 kW of electricity and 0.7 m3/h of freshwater. The electrical and exergy efficiencies of the system peaked in the parallel-power mode, offering a practical solution for enhancing rural sustainability. Moreover, the by-pass mode maximized water production, highlighting its effectiveness in addressing water scarcity along with energy generation. Through a case study, the cogeneration system has demonstrated its capability in satisfying both rural electricity and water demands throughout the day by controlling the combination of different operation modes and parameters. Therefore, it provides a promising solution for advancing rural electrification and water purification in rural areas.
Development and validation of a thermodynamic model for the performance analysis of a gamma Stirling engine prototype
(Elsevier BV, 2015) Joseph Adhemar Araoz Ramos; Evelyn Cardozo; Marianne Salomón Popa; Lucio Alejo; Torsten Fransson
Energy self-sufficiency and greenhouse gas emission reductions in Latin American dairy farms through massive implementation of biogas-based solutions
(Elsevier BV, 2022) J. Villarroel-Schneider; Lena Höglund-Isaksson; Brijesh Mainali; Jaime Martí-Herrero; Evelyn Cardozo; Anders Malmquist; Andrew R. Martin
Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of a Hydropower Plant in Bolivia
(2023) Angelica Magne; Pablo Aarón Anistro Jiménez; Evelyn Cardozo
Hydropower technologies are usually related to low-carbon emissions; however, detail discussion of a different number of environmental concerns is not properly done at the moment especially considering the lifetime phases. There is also a lack of evaluations when comparing with conventional technologies and when comparing with traditional Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA). In this context, this paper explored the environmental impacts using the LCA methodology of a hydropower plant to identify which lifetime phases damage more in health, ecosystems and resource areas of protection. A comparison between the impacts with the grid conventional electricity generation and a comparison with the results of the conventional EIA method are also presented. A database of a cascade hydropower in the tropical region is built using as a case study, the Bolivian project named "Ivirizu" with 290.21 MW of power capacity. Reservoir hydropower plant, campsite and road are analyzed. Data collection considered materials transportation, grave production, construction, maintenance, operation and disposal step. Data was obtained directly from the Governmental energy corporations and Ecoinvent database. Biogenic emissions were determined using the model proposed by Hertwich, 2013. ReCiPe 2016 method was employed to calculate the mid-point and end-points environmental impacts. The construction phase was found to impact most. This phase impacts on the resources depletion by 98.16%. This due to diesel is mainly required during the construction phase. This phase also impacts in 71.17% in human health mainly. The operation has 34.31% of contribution of impacts in ecosystems. This is due to high levels of water consumption during electric generation. The damage on resources is reduced in 63.32 % while hydropower lifetime is increased up to 150 years. Hydropower electricity has more than 79.00% less impacts compared with grid electricity. LCA results could contribute significantly in traditional EIA by providing quantitative information.
Evaluación de un prototipo de cocina de biomasa tipo batch utilizando asaí y pellets de aserrín de pino como combustible, conforme a la normativa NB/ISO 19867-1, para su implementación en áreas rurales de Bolivia
(2025) Mariela Lizbeth Huanca Alcazar; Evelyn Cardozo
En el departamento de Pando, Bolivia, se generan grandes cantidades de residuos de pepa de asaí sin un aprovechamiento adecuado. Este estudio evaluó el desempeño térmico y ambiental de una cocina mejorada de biomasa tipo Batch, conforme a la normativa NB/ISO 19867-1, utilizando pellets de aserrín de pino y mezclas con residuos de asaí como combustibles alternativos. Se realizaron pruebas experimentales con diferentes combinaciones de combustible (100% pellets de pino, 40% asaí - 60% pellets, y 30% asaí - 70% pellets) para analizar la eficiencia térmica, consumo energético, emisiones de CO, CO₂ y SO₂. Se emplearon pruebas de hervor de agua y un analizador de gases para la evaluación. Los resultados indicaron que el uso de pellets puros alcanzó una eficiencia térmica del 35%, mientras que las mezclas con asaí registraron 34.20% y 34.61%, la concentración de CO varió entre 407 ppm (pellets puros), 408 ppm (mezcla 30% asaí, velocidad alta) y 310 ppm (mezcla 30% asaí, velocidad media), con una concentración máxima de CO₂ del 2.47% v/v y 4 ppm de SO₂ aproximadamente. El estudio concluye que la combinación de residuos de asaí con pellets de pino en cocinas mejoradas representa una alternativa viable y sostenible para reducir el impacto ambiental y aprovechar desechos agroindustriales en Bolivia.
Evaluación del costo de electrificación rural en Bolivia para alcanzar el ODS 7
(2021) Miguel Fernández Fuentes; Evelyn Cardozo; Jaime Zambrana Vargas; Gabriela Peña; Sergio Balderrama; Claudia Sanchez-Solis; Alejandro Vázquez Soto; Sylvain Quoilin
El presente estudio cuantifica el desafío que supone el logro del objetivo 7 del desarrollo sostenible: Acceso a energía asequible y no contaminante (SDG7) en Bolivia. La solución planteada por el proyecto estima el costo total de provisión de energía eléctrica en todas las poblaciones de Bolivia, considerando factores socioeconómicos relevantes al realizar la planificación de la cobertura total para el país. El proyecto tiene dos etapas: la primera consiste en la recolección de datos y análisis de la demanda, así como de la percepción/visión de las poblaciones con relación en el uso de la energía; la segunda se centra en el análisis de la información y en la generación de resultados. La recolección de datos de campo que contemplan la demanda energética y el comportamiento en el uso y consumo de la energía se realizó en las comunidades de Raqaypampa (Cochabamba) y El Sena (Pando). Las mismas complementaron información obtenida con anterioridad de El Espino (Santa Cruz) y Toconao (Altiplano frontera con Chile). El Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Sociales (INCISO), ENERGÉTICA y el Centro de Investigaciones en Energía (CIE), con la información recabada y los datos de indicadores del SDSN, estructuraron la composición estándar de una comunidad rural en Bolivia. Con esta información, el programa de generación de curvas de demanda RAMP simuló las demandas para poblaciones en las zonas bajas y altas de Bolivia, contrastando luego con diferentes tecnologías de electrificación; así se calculó el costo más eficiente de las soluciones encontradas. Finalmente, el costo para electrificar de manera total la población boliviana fue estimado y, en particular para electrificar al 100% de la población aislada y dispersa que alcanza a 587 millones de dólares, dando cobertura a 273 286 familias rurales.
Evaluación numérica de diferentes alternativas de energías renovables en Raqaypampa
(European Organization for Nuclear Research, 2019) Rober Mamani; Claudia Sanchez-Solis; Evelyn Cardozo; Patrick Hendrick
Este trabajo presenta la energía eólica y solar como dos alternativas para la generación eléctrica en la Autonomía Indígena Originaria Campesina de Raqaypampa, a partir de la necesidad de los pobladores por conocer sus potencialidades energéticas. La evaluación del potencial eólico y solar se realiza mediante datos de reanálisis (MERRA-2) y modelos de numéricos predicción meteorológica (WRF-ARW). La identificación de las zonas con potencial energético partió por observaciones de los pobladores y que fueron corroborados mediante simulaciones numéricas. Uno de los sitios presento un alto potencial eólico y solar, con velocidades viento de hasta 8 m/s y radiación solar de hasta 1130 W/m 2 . Los resultados de esta investigación abren las puertas a la universidad de generar conocimiento desde una visión de desarrollo inclusivo.
Exploring the tradeoff between Installed capacity and unserved energy in rural electrification
(2022) Alejandro Vázquez Soto; Sergio Balderrama; Evelyn Cardozo; Miguel Castro Fernández; Jaime Zambrana; Sylvain Quoilin
Integration of a wood pellet burner and a Stirling engine to produce residential heat and power
(Elsevier BV, 2014) Evelyn Cardozo; Catharina Erlich; Anders Malmquist; Lucio Alejo
Open-source model applied for techno-economic optimization of a hybrid solar PV biogas-based polygeneration plant: The case of a dairy farmers’ association in central Bolivia
(Elsevier BV, 2023) J. Villarroel-Schneider; Sergio Balderrama; Claudia Sanchez-Solis; Evelyn Cardozo; Anders Malmquist; Andrew R. Martin
Proper sizing of energy systems is a key aspect that allows avoiding overestimated installation costs or failures in operation and dispatch. However, most of the available sizing tools focus on systems dedicated only to electrical loads, omitting combined energy systems with simultaneous supply of various thermal demands. This study presents an adaptation of an existing open access techno-economic optimization model for broadening the design tool for small-scale energy systems supplying both, electrical and thermal needs. For this, a new typology of an energy system was proposed considering the use of biogas, solar energy and adding thermal components. This was followed by modifying the model framework, constraints equations and objective function, which is the net present cost of the system. Once the design tool was verified a model was constructed to analyse the feasibility of a polygeneration plant for an association of 30 small dairy farms. The developed model was able to optimize the sizing of the main system components for different proposed scenarios, encompassing supply of electricity, refrigeration, biogas for cooking and fertilizers. For the selected application it was found that the aggregated cost of producing electricity and heat ranges from 0.044 to 0.070 USD/kWh; the penetration of solar energy can reach up to 32%; while the annual potential savings of CO2 emissions of applying the solution ranges from 109 to 127 ton of CO2.
Performance Analysis of a Stirling Engine Hybrid Power System
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2020) Pablo Jimenez Zabalaga; Evelyn Cardozo; Luis A. Choque Campero; Joseph Adhemar Araoz Ramos
The Bolivian government’s concerns that are related to reducing the consumption of diesel fuel, which is imported, subsidized, and provided to isolated electric plants in rural communities, have led to the implementation of hybrid power systems. Therefore, this article presents the performance analysis in terms of energy efficiency, economic feasibility, and environmental sustainability of a photovoltaic (PV)/Stirling battery system. The analysis includes the dynamic start-up and cooling phases of the system, and then compares its performance with a hybrid photovoltaic (PV)/diesel/battery system, whose configuration is usually more common. Both systems were initially optimized in size using the well-known energy optimization software tool, HOMER. An estimated demand for a hypothetical case study of electrification for a rural village of 102 households, called “Tacuaral de Mattos”, was also considered. However, since the characteristics of the proposed systems required a detailed analysis of its dynamics, a dynamic model that complemented the HOMER analysis was developed using MATLAB Simulink TM 8.9. The results showed that the PV/Stirling battery system represented a higher performance option to implement in the electrification project, due to its good environmental sustainability (69% savings in CO2 emissions), economic criterion (11% savings in annualized total cost), and energy efficiency (5% savings in fuel energy conversion).
Performance comparison between the use of wood and sugarcane bagasse pellets in a Stirling engine micro-CHP system
(Elsevier BV, 2019) Evelyn Cardozo; Anders Malmquist
Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) production through power-to-liquid (PtL): A combined techno-economic and life cycle assessment
(Elsevier BV, 2023) Maria Fernanda Rojas Michaga; Stavros Michailos; Evelyn Cardozo; Muhammad Akram; Kevin J. Hughes; D.B. Ingham; Mohamed Pourkashanian
The current research critically evaluates the technical, economic, and environmental performance of a Power-to-Liquid (PtL) system for the production of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). This SAF production system comprises a direct air capture (DAC) unit, an off-shore wind farm, an alkaline electrolyser and a refinery plant (reverse water gas shift coupled with a Fischer-Tropsch reactor). The calculated carbon conversion efficiency, hydrogen conversion efficiency, and Power-to-liquids efficiency are 88 %, 39.16 % and 25.6 %, respectively. The heat integration between the refinery and the DAC unit enhances the system's energy performance, while water integration between the DAC and refinery units and the electrolyser reduces the demand for fresh water. The economic assessment estimates a minimum jet fuel selling price (MJSP) of 5.16 £/kg. The process is OPEX intensive due to the electricity requirements, while the CAPEX is dominated by the DAC unit. A Well-to-Wake (WtWa) life cycle assessment (LCA) shows that the global warming potential (GWP) equals 21.43 gCO2eq/MJSAF, and is highly dependent on the upstream emissions of the off-shore wind electricity. Within a 95 % confidence interval, a stochastic Monte Carlo LCA reveals that the GWP of the SAF falls below the UK aviation mandate treshold of 50 % emissions reduction compared to fossil jet fuel. Moreover, the resulting WtWa water footprint is 0.480 l/MJSAF, with the refinery’s cooling water requirements and the electricity’s water footprint to pose as the main contributors. The study concludes with estimating the required monetary value of SAF certificates for different scenarios under the UK SAF mandate guidelines.