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Andean bear diet near to and far from a road
(2020) Lucero Hernani-Lineros; Emilia García; Luis F. Pacheco
Despite the existence of several regional studies on the diet of the Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus), there is a lack of information about the effects of human disturbances on this species' foraging ecology. Our main goal was to compare Andean bear diet composition between a disturbed area (DA) close to a paved road versus an undisturbed area (UA) far away from it, within the Parque Nacional y Área Natural de Manejo Integrado Cotapata, Bolivia. We collected 120 feces samples between October and November 2014—60 samples from each area. We identified 13 species from the feces collected at UA, whereas we identified only 7 species from the feces at DA. Mean number of identified food items per fecal sample at UA was 2.90 (SD = 0.86) and significantly greater (t = –4.32, = 118 df, P < 0.001) than DA mean 1.95 (SD = 1.43). Levin's index points to a specialist diet for Andean bears at both areas, but niche breadth at the UA (0.083) was almost twice the value at DA (0.043). Almost half of the items were found at both the UA and the DA (Jaccard's index = 0.538). Simpson's Diversity index ([UA] = 0.310, [DA] = 0.167) shows that Andean bear diet at the UA was also more equitable, as well as less dominated by a single item (Inverse Simpson index N [DA] = 3.229, N [UA] = 5.997). These results suggest that the presence of a road may affect Andean bear foraging ecology.
Youth Networks' Advances Toward the Sustainable Development Goals During the COVID-19 Pandemic
(Frontiers Media, 2020) Kevin M. Barber; Mohammed A. Mostajo-Radji
OPINION article Front. Sociol., 29 October 2020Sec. Media Governance and the Public Sphere Volume 5 - 2020 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2020.589539
Recomendación para la sospecha, manejo y seguimiento del compromiso cardiovascular en pacientes con Síndrome Inflamatorio Multisistémico en Pediatría asociado a COVID-19 (PIMS-TC). Declaración de Posición de la Sociedad Chilena de Pediatría (SOCHIPE) y Sociedad Chilena de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular (SOCHICAR)
(Elsevier BV, 2020) Patricia Álvarez Z.; Guillermo Larios G.; Lidia Toro R.; Valeria Acevedo A.; Francisca Arancibia-Galilea; Luis Cárdenas M.; Carlos Fernández C
Desde la aparición de la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2, la población pediátrica ha sido menos afectada por la enfermedad tanto en frecuencia como en severidad. Sin embargo, desde abril de este año se han reportado casos de presentación y gravedad variables, caracterizados por fenómenos inflamatorios que afectan múltiples órganos, condición denominada Síndrome Inflamatorio Multisistémico Pediátrico (PIMS). La literatura describe frecuente compromiso cardíaco, hasta en un 80%. Este se caracteriza por injuria miocárdica con significativa elevación de biomarcadores: Troponinas séricas I/T, BNP o NT-ProBNP, unido a diversos grados de disfunción ventricular, pericarditis, valvulitis y arritmias. Además, se ha evidenciado la presencia de compromiso coronario el cual puede ocurrir hasta en un 23% de los casos, en un rango que va desde dilataciones hasta aneurismas. El seguimiento cardiológico hospitalizado y ambulatorio se ha sistematizado en base a los fenotipos clínicos de presentación: injuria miocárdica (miocarditis, valvulitis, pericarditis), shock (habitualmente de tipo “vasopléjico”), manifestaciones tipo Enfermedad de Kawasaki y aquellos casos PIMS que no cumplen con la clínica de los tres precedentes. Este último grupo es el que representa el mayor desafío en el corto, mediano y seguimiento a largo plazo. Por esta razón se requiere un equipo multidisciplinario para su manejo. Considerando la alta frecuencia del compromiso cardíaco en el PIMS y la importancia de lograr un consenso en su manejo y seguimiento, se presentan estas recomendaciones según el estado actual del conocimiento de esta patología recientemente descrita.
El pensamiento crítico interpretativo en Contabilidad y el acto de interpretar las NIIF
(Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas - ESPE, 2020) Gabriel Vicente Pereira Molina
El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la escuela del pensamiento crítico interpretativo en contabilidad y sus posibilidades para la fundamentación del acto de interpretar las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera (NIIF). La investigación tiene un carácter cualitativo, se realizó mediante la revisión documental y el análisis de artículos científicos de destacados pensadores contables de diversos países. Se concluye que estos postulados científicos de investigación crítico interpretativa, se mantienen neutrales ante los problemas de interpretación de la norma contable conociendo solo la realidad, además que permiten rasgos de subjetividad, lo que no favorece el acto de interpretar el texto normativo (NIIF) de modo objetivo.
Using governance and patient flow strategies to improve healthcare service efficiency
(CSIRO Publishing, 2020) Amanda Kivic; Laureen Hines
The aim of this case study was to share lessons learned regarding strategies likely to increase healthcare service efficiency. Following quality assurance review of statewide Hospital in the Home (HITH) average length of stay (ALOS) and readmission data, Queensland's Department of Health observed that for some of the highest volume diagnoses seen in Queensland's HITH services in 2017, services that used a public-private partnership (PPP) model of care achieved a shorter ALOS than services using a traditional public model of care without demonstrably poorer patient outcomes. To understand the reasons for the differences in ALOS, ALOS and readmission data from 2017 for 10 high-volume diagnoses were retrospectively compared for five HITH services. Two of the services used a PPP and three used a public HITH model of care. Additional data were collected to determine similarities and points of difference regarding how the services operated in 2017. Hospitals that used a PPP HITH model of care achieved shorter ALOS for eight of the 10 diagnoses, with the difference ranging from 0.94 to 5.98 days. Differences between how the PPP and public HITH services operated in 2017 were identified. The findings suggest that the use of governance strategies, criteria-led discharge and financial incentives is likely to support safe shorter lengths of stay.
Repellent activity of the essential oil from Laurelia sempervirens (Ruiz & Pav.) Tul. (Monimiaceae) on Triatoma infestans (Klug) (Reduviidae)
(University of Santiago, 2020) Marycruz Mojica; Raúl A. Alzogaray; Sofía L. Mengoni; Mercedes María Noel Reynoso; Carlos F. Pinto; Hermann M. Niemeyer; Javier Echeverría; Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticida; Carlos Pinto; Universidad Mayor Real y Pontificia de San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca
Triatoma infestans (Klug) is the principal vector of Chagas disease in Bolivia and neighboring countries. The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition of the EO of the Chilean laurel, Laurelia sempervirens (Ruiz & Pav.) Tul. (Monimiaceae) and to evaluate its repellent effect on fifth-instar nymphs of T. infestans. The EO from L. sempervirens was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Their main components were cis-isosafrole (89.8%), terpinene (3.9%), trans-ocimene (2.7%) and methyleugenol (2.2%). Repellency was evaluated on a circle of filter paper divided into two equal zones which were impregnated with test substances [EO or N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) as positive control] and acetone as blank control, respectively. Several concentrations of test substances between 4.125 and 132 g/cm 2 were tested. The EO from L. sempervirens produced significant repellency at concentrations equal or above 66.0 g/cm 2 , while DEET repelled starting at 16.5 g/cm 2 . Future works will be oriented to the study of repellent properties of cis-isosafrole alone and mixed with -terpinene, trans-ocimene and methyleugenol on T. infestans.
Incidencia de Diplostomum spp. en el Karachi
(2020) Shakira Katherine Altamirano Aguilar; Belén Nieves Apaza; Laura Diana Beltrán Loredo; Marcia Alejandra Gorriti Leaño; Helen Carolina Mendiola Barrios; Mariela Maribel Mollo Poma; Mayra Jhessmy Pacosillo Condori; Lucia Quispe Apaza
Diplostomum sp. es un parasito de genero trematodos con un ciclo biologico indirecto. Como huespedes definitivos las aves piscivoras al liberar huevos al medio via fecal y liberada la larva, este puede ser ingerida por caracoles del genero Lymnaea o Galba que actuan como primeros hospedadores intermediarios en el se desarrollan y luego se liberan al agua las cercarias que seran ingeridas por peces dulceacuicolas como ser el Karachi que actuaran como segundos hospedadores intermediarios. Para el estudio del presente trabajo se estudiara la incidencia de parasitosis por Diplostomum spp. en peces Karachi crudo y cocidos con sal, tambien realizar un analisis comparativo sobre el parasitismo respecto al peso y longitud. El estudio parasitologico se realizo en la ciudad de La Paz, con la adquisicion de Orestias en el mercado local, procedentes del Lago Titicaca, se realiza una necropsia donde se revisa la cavidad craneana y los ventriculos cerebrales del Karachi para observar la presencia del parasito, con respecto al estudio biometrico se estudio las caracteristicas cuantitativas como el peso y longitud. Llegando a un resultado de la incidencia de Diplostomum sp. en Karachi es al 100% dividiendose en dos grupos; Machos de 11 cm y una altura de 2.5 cm. se hallaron 21 parasitos, y Karachi de 13 cm y una altura de 3.5 cm. con 141 parasitos. Hembras de talla de 11.5 cm y con una altura de 3 cm. se hallo 50 parasitos. 128 hembras con una talla de 15 cm y una altura de 4.1 cm. Llegando a una conclusion que el grupo de las hembras poseen menor carga parasitaria que el grupo de los Karachi machos. Con respecto a Karachi cocido con sal se determino que las meta cercarias expuestas a altas temperaturas llegan a morir en un 100% lo cual seria apto para el consumo humano, sin tener algun tipo de riesgo a corto mediano y largo plazo.
Bird species richness in High-Andean forest fragments: habitat quality and topography matter
(2020) Constance Fastré; Diederik Strubbe; José Antonio Balderrama; Jennifer R. A. Cahill; Hannes Ledegen; Mauricio Torrico Orellana; Erik Matthysen
Montane forests worldwide are known centers of endemism and biodiversity but are highly threatened by fragmentation processes. Using data collected in 15 Polylepis forest remnants covering 2000 hectares, we investigated how bird species richness and bird community composition, particularly for species of conservation concern, are influenced by habitat quality and topography in the Tunari National Park in the High Andes of Bolivia. Bird species richness was highest in topographically complex, low-elevation Polylepis patches located in areas with a high potential to retain rainwater. Bird communities differed strongly between Polylepis lanata and P. subtusalbida remnants, each supporting different threatened and endemic species. Within the P. subtusalbida forest, high-elevation fragments characterized by high amounts of sunlight and low anthropogenic disturbance were more likely to contain threatened species. Surprisingly, we found no effect of fragment size on the diversity or composition of bird communities or the presence of bird species of conservation concern. The presence of exotic plantations (Pinus and/or Eucalyptus spp.) in or outside forest remnants was negatively associated with the number of bird species as well as with occurrence of the endangered Cochabamba-mountain finch (Compsospiza garleppi). To support the different communities found in Polylepis forests, these results suggest that conservation efforts should be directed towards both forest types (P. subtusalbida and P. lanata) present in the area. For an efficient management of avian diversity, exotic plantations should be established away from native remnants while existing patches should be managed to maintain or increase habitat quality. Finally, the importance of local topography in determining avian species richness and community composition in forest fragments, mainly through topographic controls on moisture distribution and the amount of sunlight received by the fragments, should be considered when planning conservation and reforestation schemes.
CO-DISEÑO, COMUNIDADES RURALES Y UNIVERSIDAD: LA LIGA DEL AGUA, UNA APUESTA A LA GESTIÓN COMUNITARIA DEL RECURSO HÍDRICO
(Universidad de Los Andes, 2020) María Catalina Ramírez Cajiao; Edier Ernesto Espinosa Díaz; Juan Camilo Cárdenas Campo; Luisa Fernanda Payán Durán; Mauricio Peralta Mejía; Fredy Alexander Gámez Rodríguez; Andrés Felipe Torres Puentes
For two years the team from Engineers Without Borders Colombia worked on the co-design of a community management system for water resources, with the help of professors, researchers and students from Universidad de los Andes, and high school students and teachers (between sixth and eleventh grades) from 10 schools in 9 municipalities of the Province of Guavio and Sabana Centro of the Department of Cundinamarca in Colombia. The Guavio province is of vital importance to the country, as it has water making factories in its paramo ecosystems. Therefore, it is necessary that its inhabitants have a strong environmental awareness and good management of water resources. This article presents the main lessons learned through the co-design process of a technological platform and a participation strategy that encourages the empowerment of the rural school community in the management of this resource.
Common opossum population density in an agroforestry system in Bolivia
(National Institute of Amazonian Research, 2020) Camila Benavides-Frías; Alejandro ARCE; Luis F. Pacheco
ABSTRACT The common opossum, Didelphis marsupialis thrives near human settlements. Understanding its ecology could help planning management decisions about this species, especially in anthropogenic landscapes. Yet, there are no density estimations for this species throughout its distribution range in Bolivia. We estimated the density of D. marsupialis in a rural agricultural community, where agroforestry plantations and fallows cover most of the land. We counted individuals in line transects and used DISTANCE software to calculate density. We covered a total of 70.21 km in 143 night counts, obtaining 38 records of D. marsupialis. We estimated a density of 0.30 individuals ha-1 (SE = 0.062; range: 0.20 - 0.45 individuals ha-1), with a mean encounter rate of 0.54 individuals km-1. Encounter rate varied between habitats, with mean values of 0.20 in secondary forests and 0.64 in agroforestry plantations. Our density estimate is near the lower range of previously reported values for the common opossum in other countries. We argue that our results may reflect the response to the availability of food resources and predation pressure in agroforestry plantations.
BRECHA DIGITAL Y DERECHOS FUNDAMENTALES: LAS NUEVAS TECNOLOGÍAS EN EL PROCESO PENAL PERUANO
(2020) Dennis José Almanza Torres; Flor Zúñiga Maldonado
La informatización del proceso judicial es una realidad en diferentes países. En el Perú, este proceso viene implementándose paulatinamente; no obstante, encuentra un serio obstáculo en la sociedad peruana donde la brecha digital entre excluidos e incluidos digitalmente es alta. El problema se agrava cuando las nuevas tecnologías son utilizadas como herramientas en el proceso penal donde derechos fundamentales son discutidos. En el presente trabajo se analiza el proceso de informatización del sistema de justicia peruano, demostrando graves falencias al no considerar este proceso, la brecha digital existente.
Vicisitudes para iniciarse como investigador y no morir en el intento
(2020) Universidad La Salle, Puebla, México; José Andrés Rodríguez Barrales; Enrique Primitivo Salazar Rodríguez; México Universidad de Puebla; Antonio González Carmona; México Universidad de Puebla
En este ensayo se exponen algunos hallazgos en torno a tres implicaciones en los procesos de elaboración y sustentación de tesis a nivel posgrado, en el programa doctoral en investigación educativa de la Universidad de Puebla, Puebla, México: 1. Los constructos técnicos con los que llegan los doctorantes y los candidatos a doctores en investigación educativa; 2. Las herramientas metodológicas para elaborar y sustentar una tesis doctoral, y 3. La postura epistémica para iniciarse como investigador educativo. La inmersión inicial se activa con la socialización de planteamientos académicos y necesidades metodológicas manifestadas de manera verbal durante los módulos curriculares del programa, se analizan los argumentos y sustentos que inspiran a los doctorantes a emerger como nuevos investigadores o que obstaculizan su proceso de formación como tales. La inmersión profunda se realiza con un grupo focal integrado por diez sujetos a invitación directa, dos doctorantes de primer semestre, dos de cuarto, tres egresados sin titularse y tres egresados titulados. Al profundizar sobre las tres implicaciones planteadas se encuentra escaso lenguaje conceptual para definir el objeto de estudio, estructuración del documento tesis desde el sentido común, nulo proceso de teorización desde los hallazgos de la investigación, inexistencia de una postura epistémica definida desde el inicio, durante y al final del doctorado.
Overview of current practices in data analysis for wood identification. A guide for the different timber tracking methods.
(Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, 2020) Nele Schmitz; Hans Beeckman; Céline Blanc-Jolivet; Laura Boeschoten; Jez Willian Batista Braga; José Antonio Cabezas; Gilles Chaix; Simon Crameri; Victor Deklerck; Бернд Деген
Source Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/596002/)
From a crisis to an opportunity: Eight insights for doing science in the Covid-19 era and beyond
(2020) Julia Chac n Labella; Mickey Boakye; Brian J. Enquist; William Farfán-Ríos; Ragnhild Gya; Aud H. Halbritter; Sara Lil Middleton; Jonathan von Oppen; Samuel Pastor Ploskonka; Tanya Strydom
The COVID-19 crisis has forced researchers in Ecology to change the way we work almost overnight. Nonetheless, the pandemic has provided us with several novel components for a new way of conducting international Science. In this perspective piece, we summarize eight central insights that are helping us, as early career researchers, navigate the uncertainties, fears and challenges of advancing Science during the COVID-19 pandemic. We highlight how innovative, collaborative and often Open Science-driven developments that have arisen from this crisis can form a blueprint for a community reinvention in academia. Our insights include personal approaches to managing our new reality, maintaining capacity to focus and resilience in our projects, and a variety of tools that facilitate remote collaboration. We also highlight how, at a community level, we can take advantage of online communication platforms for gaining accessibility to conferences and meetings, and for maintaining research networks and community engagement while promoting a more diverse and inclusive community. Overall, we are confident that these practices can support a more inclusive and kinder scientific culture for the longer term.
The Dixmier Trace and the Noncommutative Residue for Multipliers on Compact Manifolds
(Springer Nature, 2020) Duván Cardona; César Corral
Complex interactions between commercial and non-commercial drivers of illegal trade for a threatened felid
(2020) Melissa Arias; Amy Hinsley; Paola Nogales‐Ascarrunz; Pamela Jenny Carvajal-Bacarreza; Nuno Negrões; Jenny Anne Glikman; E.J. Milner‐Gulland
Illegal trade and human-wildlife conflict are two key drivers of biodiversity loss, and are recognized as leading threats to large carnivores. While human-wildlife conflict involving jaguars (Panthera onca) has received significant attention in the past, less is known about traditional use or commercial trade in jaguar body parts, including their potential links with retaliatory killing. Understanding the drivers of jaguar killing, trade and consumption is necessary to develop appropriate jaguar conservation strategies, particularly as demand for jaguar products appears to be rising due to Chinese demand. We interviewed 1107 rural households in north-western Bolivia, an area with an active history of human-jaguar conflict, which has also been at the epicentre of recent jaguar trade cases involving Chinese demand. We collected information on participants’ experiences with jaguars, their jaguar killing, trading and consuming behaviours, and potential drivers of these behaviours. We found that the relationships between local people and jaguars are complex, and are driven largely by traditional practices, opportunism, human-jaguar conflict and market incentives from foreign and domestic demand, in the absence of law awareness and enforcement. Addressing jaguar trade and building human-jaguar coexistence will require a multifaceted approach that considers the multiple drivers of jaguar killing, trade and consumption, from foreign and local demand to human-jaguar conflict.
Prevalence and characteristics of jaguar trade in north-western Bolivia
(2020) Melissa Arias; Amy Hinsley; Paola Nogales‐Ascarrunz; Nuno Negrões; Jenny Anne Glikman; E.J. Milner‐Gulland
Recent seizures of jaguar body parts in Bolivia have prompted concern about illegal trade to China, but concrete evidence is lacking. We interviewed 1107 people in a rural area implicated in the trade, using direct and indirect questions to explore the prevalence and characteristics of jaguar trade and its links to foreign demand. Jaguar trade is a common, non-sensitive practice; 46% of respondents reported some involvement over the past 5 years. Up to 31% of respondents owned jaguar body parts, most commonly skins, fat and teeth for decorative, medicinal, and cultural purposes. Contrary to expectations, Bolivians were the most reported traders, and presence of Caucasian traders was significantly and positively associated with jaguar trade, ahead of Asian and regional traders. Overall, jaguar trade in Bolivia has more diverse drivers than seizures may suggest. Therefore, conservation interventions, in addition to targeting Chinese demand, should address foreign and domestic trade chains.
Copula autoregressive methodology for multi-lag,multi-site simulation of rainfall
(2020) Andrés Felipe Vargas Ramirez; Carlos Valencia
This work presents a methodology for the synthetic generation of rainfall time series based on the copula autoregressive methodology with multiple lags and for multiple sites. In this model, the multivariate time series is decomposed using pairwise copula functions to represent the whole cross-dependence, spatial and temporal structure of the data. We explore the advantages of using this nonlinear method over more traditional approaches that as an intermediate step transform the data to a normal distribution or usually omit the zero mass characteristics of the data. The use of copulas gives flexibility to represent the serial variability of the observed data on the simulation and allows for more control of the desired properties. We use discrete zero mass density distributions to assess the nature of rainfall, alongside a vector generalized linear model for the evaluation of time series distributions and their time dependence in multiple locations. We found that the copula autoregressive methodology models in a satisfactory manner the characteristics of the data, including its zero mass characteristics. These results will help to better understand the fluctuating nature of rainfall and also help to understand the underlying stochastic process.
Child Development in the Early Years: Parental Investment and the Changing Dynamics of Different Dimensions
(2020) Orazio Attanasio; Raquel Bernal; Michele Giannola; Milagros Nores
This paper uses the data on child development collected around the evaluation of a nursery program to estimate the details of the process of human development. We model development as made of three latent factors, reflecting health, cognitive and socio-emotional skills. We observe children from age 1 to age 7. We assume that, at each age, these factors interact among themselves and with a variety of other inputs to determine the level of development at following ages. Relative to other studies, the richness of the data we use allows us to: (i) let the dynamics be rich and flexible; (ii) let each factors play a role in the production of any other factor; (iii) estimate age-specific functional forms; (iv) treated parental investment as an endogenous input. We find that the dynamics of the process can be richer than usually assumed, which has important implications for the degree of persistence of different inputs in time. Persistence also changes with age. This has important implications for the targeting of investment and interventions, and the identification of windows of opportunities. The endogeneity of investment is also important.
Decreased incidence, virus transmission capacity, and severity of COVID-19 at altitude on the American continent
(2020) Christian Arias‐Reyes; Favio Carvajal-Rodriguez; Liliana Poma-Machicao; Fernanda Aliaga-Raudan; Danuzia A. Marques; Natalia Zubieta DeUrioste; Roberto A. Accinelli; Edith M. Schneider Gasser; Gustavo Zubieta‐Calleja; Mathias Dutschmann
Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in North, Central, and South America has become the epicenter of the current pandemic. We have suggested previously that the infection rate of this virus might be lower in people living at high altitude (over 2,500 m) compared to that in the lowlands. Based on data from official sources, we performed a new epidemiological analysis of the development of the pandemic in 23 countries on the American continent as of May 23, 2020. Our results confirm our previous finding, further showing that the incidence of COVID-19 on the American continent decreases significantly starting at 1,000 m above sea level (masl). Moreover, epidemiological modeling indicates that the virus transmission rate capacity is lower in the highlands (>1,000 masl) than in the lowlands (<1,000 masl). Finally, evaluating the differences in the recovery percentage of patients, the death-to-case ratio, and the theoretical fraction of undiagnosed cases, we found that the severity of COVID-19 is also decreased above 1,000 m. We conclude that the impact of the COVID-19 decreases significantly with altitude. Highlights There is a negative correlation between altitude and COVID-19 incidence on the American Continent starting from 1,000 m above sea level. The transmission rate of SARS-CoV-2 is lower in the highlands than in the lowlands. The severity of COVID-19 decreases significantly with increased altitude.