MIL-53 MOF on Sustainable Biomaterial for Antimicrobial Evaluation Against E. coli and S. aureus Bacteria by Efficient Release of Penicillin G

Abstract

The development of efficient antibiotic-releasing materials derived from sustainable and recyclable compounds represents a key area within biomedical materials science, particularly in the treatment of antibacterial infections. Herein, a Fe³⁺/terephthalate-based metal-organic framework (<b>MIL-53</b>) and a novel advanced material made of <b>MIL-53</b> with biogenic hydroxyapatite (<b>1</b>) were prepared by solvothermal reactions, and these were studied in detail as a Penicillin-G-releasing material. After loading Penicillin G on <b>1</b> and <b>MIL-53</b>, the antibiotic percentage release was studied, and the antimicrobial effectiveness of each material was evaluated against two bacterial ATCC strains (<i>E. coli</i> and <i>S. aureus</i>) and various Penicillin-G-resistant uropathogenic strains such as <i>E. coli</i> isolates (HHM 25, ERV 6, and FGI 4). Functional, structural, and morphological characteristics of these materials were thoroughly studied by analytical tools (FTIR, XRD, BET, SEM-EDS, and XPS). The Penicillin G load did not exceed 50% in both materials. The Penicillin G adsorption mechanism involves several types of interactions with the materials. The release of the antibiotic was more efficient from <b>MIL-53</b>, where the load did not exceed 20%. The release was analyzed using mathematical models. They indicated that when Penicillin G is released from <b>MIL-53</b>, the process follows diffusion through a uniform matrix; however, <b>1</b> is more porous, which helps with the release by diffusion of Penicillin G, and <b>1</b> exhibits more than a 90% inhibition of the growth of bacteria and strains like <b>MIL-53</b>. This suggests a valuable approach to antibiotic activity against resistant pathogens. The use of composite materials derived from the Fe-MOF with a sustainable matrix of hydroxyapatite as antibiotic-releasing materials has been unexplored until now.