Design and Implementation of a Didactic Monopolar Electrosurgical Simulator for Biomedical Engineering Education

Abstract

This work presents the development of a didactic monopolar electrosurgical unit (ESU) simulator, designed as a support tool for the technical training in the handling and basic operation of this medical device within academic environments. The simulator aims to facilitate both theoretical understanding and practical experience of the electrosurgical unit’s operating principles, allowing students to interact with a functional system that replicates its primary modes: cutting and coagulation. The system architecture is based on an ESP32 microcontroller, which generates PWM signals within an adjustable range of 200 kHz to 1 MHz, controlled via rotary encoder potentiometers, and displayed in real time through an LCD screen with I2C interface. The power stage integrates an IRFZ44N MOSFET and a high-frequency transformer, configured to maintain energy levels within safe limits. The activation circuit incorporates 4N25 optocouplers, ensuring electrical isolation between user controls and the power electronics. This simulator is conceived as a formative platform capable of replicating realistic operational scenarios, promoting safe, scalable, and practical learning—particularly suited for biomedical engineering education and related disciplines.