Microbiome Eubiosis in the Prevention of Respiratory Allergic Diseases: Review

Abstract

Background Respiratory allergic diseases such as asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), and allergic rhinitis (AR), are complex multifactorial conditions influenced by genetic background, immune defenses, infection, antibiotic use, bacterial airway exposure, nutritional factors, environmental factors, and their involvement with the microbiota. Allergic respiratory diseases are characterized by the differentiation of Th0 into Th2, Th9, and Th17. An abnormal change in the microbiota will induce dysbiosis and an increase in the Th2 response, leading to respiratory allergic diseases. Objectives The objective is to explore the relationship between microbiota and allergic respiratory diseases, unraveling interactions between microbial communities and the immune system, and provide the physiopathology, development, prevention, and management of allergic respiratory conditions, paving the way for potential personalized therapeutic interventions. Methods This review aims to synthesize research about the microbiota in respiratory allergic diseases and how microbiome eubiosis can help in preventing respiratory allergic diseases. A systematic investigation was carried out, which included literature such as articles from PubMed, Elsevier, and Google Academics databases. Major Findings Different treatments have been implemented, such as the MedDiet suppressing PGE2, less proinflammatory cytokines, and Lactobacilli, Faecalibacterium, and Bifidobacteria colonization. Corticosteroids, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, short-chain fatty acids, and the use of monoclonal antibody therapies showed an increment in immune tolerance. Implication Adjuvant treatments such as monoclonal therapy, MedDiet, probiotics, prebiotics, and symbiotics have beneficial results in allergic respiratory diseases. Further clinical trials are needed to give more support to these outcomes.