Biodiversidad bacteriana presente en suelos contaminados con hidrocarburos para realizar biorremediación

Abstract

[Introduction]: Bioremediation is a technology that uses microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, algae) or enzymes to biodegrade oil pollutants and derivatives and other pollutants that are present in soil, air or water. In Latin America there is a high degree of pollution of its ecosystems, therefore, this technology is economically and environmentally viable to degrade these pollutants. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as asphaltenes and resins, are difficult to degrade, as well as polychlorinated aliphatics and biphenyls. [Objective]: It seeks to give an overview of recent publications on scientific research carried out regarding bioremediation methodologies for soils contaminated by oil and its derivatives. [Methodology]: An exhaustive search of the scientific literature of recent years was carried out, related to the proposed topic in bibliographic databases: Medline, Current Contents, PubMed, Google scholar, SciFinder, Scopus and in specialized journals: Chemosphere, Applied Microbiology, Biodegradation & Biodeterior, American Society for Microbiology, Frontal Microbiology, Sci Total Environ. The keywords used were in Spanish or English. [Results]: Polyaromatic hydrocarbons can be biodegraded by bacterial consortia, such as phenanthrene (aromatic compound) which was biodegraded by 11 different bacterial strains (Sphingobium, Sphingomonas, Acidovorax, Alkaligenes, Actinobacteria, Burkholderia sp., Rhizobium sp., Pseudomonas sp., Pseudomonas sp., Stenotrophomonas and Sinorhizobium). In bioremediation, physicochemical variables such as pH, temperature, oxygen, and humidity are considered important, as they are factors that influence the success of the treatment. [Conclusions]: With this bibliographic review, we seek to provide viable solutions to various hydrocarbon pollution problems in Latin American ecosystems.