Modelo multivariado de impactos socio- ambientales en proyectos hidroeléctricos en zonas de montaña
Abstract
Resumen: Como efecto del cambio climático y la escasez de recursos finitos de combustibles fósiles del mundo, la explotación del recurso agua para la generación de electricidad toma relevancia por medio de la planificación de proyectos hidroeléctricos como fuente de energía renovable. Si bien los estudios de investigación relacionados a la viabilidad ambiental cuestionan la construcción de proyectos hidroeléctricos de embalse, existe un escaso registro de experiencias concretas en Bolivia sobre la implementación de proyectos Hidroeléctricos en zonas de montaña, situación que se aborda a través del concepto de Desarrollo Sostenible (DS). El desarrollo del estudio, parte de una evaluación de los componentes físicos bióticos/abióticos y socioeconómico de un proyecto hidroeléctrico en zona de montaña, valora los impactos ambientales con base a una metodología de EIA combinada, que emplea herramientas informáticas como la Plataforma de Jerarquización GIS WEB y software EABACO, que permiten el desarrollo de funciones de transformación y posibilitan la jerarquización de los componentes de medio afectado, entre ellos la Biodiversidad. La aplicación de la técnica de Análisis Multicriterio (AMC) se realiza a través del método NAIADE, que involucra e integra múltiples perspectivas para modelar: i) el comportamiento de los elementos del medio en una misma cuenca o zona geográfica y ii) los componentes del medio entre proyectos hidroeléctricos de embalse emplazados en diferentes zonas geográficas, que representan las variables del modelo en relación a alternativas de ubicación. Producto de la modelación, se presenta un ordenamiento ambiental que determina que el uso de métodos de AMC responde con mayor precisión a determinar el impacto ambiental generado por proyectos hidroeléctricos en zonas de montaña, conforme a sus características técnicas-ecosistémicas.
Abstract: As an effect of climate change and the scarcity of the world's finite fossil fuel resources, the exploitation of water resources for the generation of electricity becomes relevant through the planning of hydroelectric projects as a source of renewable energy. Although research studies related to environmental viability question the construction of reservoir hydroelectric projects, there is little record of concrete experiences in Bolivia on the implementation of Hydroelectric projects in mountain areas, a situation that is addressed through the concept of Development. Sustainable (DS). The development of the study, part of an evaluation of the physical biotic/abiotic and socioeconomic components of a hydroelectric project in a mountain area, assesses the environmental impacts based on a combined EIA methodology, which uses computer tools such as the GIS Hierarchization Platform EABACO WEB and software, which allow the development of transformation functions and makes it possible to prioritize the components of the affected environment, including Biodiversity. The application of the Multicriteria Analysis (MCA) technique is carried out through the NAIADE method, which involves and integrates multiple perspectives to model: i) the behavior of environmental elements in the same basin or geographical area and ii) the components of the average between hydroelectric reservoir projects located in different geographical areas, which represent the variables of the model in relation to alternatives and/or possible locations. As a result of the modeling, an environmental ordering is presented that determines that the use of AMC methods responds more precisely to determining the environmental impact generated by hydroelectric projects in mountain areas, according to their technical-ecosystem characteristics.
Abstract: As an effect of climate change and the scarcity of the world's finite fossil fuel resources, the exploitation of water resources for the generation of electricity becomes relevant through the planning of hydroelectric projects as a source of renewable energy. Although research studies related to environmental viability question the construction of reservoir hydroelectric projects, there is little record of concrete experiences in Bolivia on the implementation of Hydroelectric projects in mountain areas, a situation that is addressed through the concept of Development. Sustainable (DS). The development of the study, part of an evaluation of the physical biotic/abiotic and socioeconomic components of a hydroelectric project in a mountain area, assesses the environmental impacts based on a combined EIA methodology, which uses computer tools such as the GIS Hierarchization Platform EABACO WEB and software, which allow the development of transformation functions and makes it possible to prioritize the components of the affected environment, including Biodiversity. The application of the Multicriteria Analysis (MCA) technique is carried out through the NAIADE method, which involves and integrates multiple perspectives to model: i) the behavior of environmental elements in the same basin or geographical area and ii) the components of the average between hydroelectric reservoir projects located in different geographical areas, which represent the variables of the model in relation to alternatives and/or possible locations. As a result of the modeling, an environmental ordering is presented that determines that the use of AMC methods responds more precisely to determining the environmental impact generated by hydroelectric projects in mountain areas, according to their technical-ecosystem characteristics.
Description
Vol. 11, No. 2