Measles: A Comprehensive Review of the Virus and Its Public Health Implications

Abstract

Historically, measles has been an infectious disease responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Global vaccination efforts have had a transformative impact, with measles immunization estimated to have prevented more than 60 million deaths globally between 2000 and 2023. Despite these successes, the global goal of measles elimination by 2030, outlined in the Measles and Rubella Strategic Framework 2021-2030, is now under considerable threat due to the recent re-emergence of the disease. Addressing the measles crisis is not only about containing this specific virus, but also about strengthening the fundamental resilience of public health systems worldwide to prepare for and mitigate a broader spectrum of infectious disease threats. This narrative review article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the global re-emergence of measles. Clinical and epidemiological trends will be detailed, key factors contributing to this resurgence will be identified, and public health implications will be examined. An analysis of the situation in Bolivia will be included, offering localized perspectives on the challenges and responses. Finally, the article will conclude with strategic recommendations for public health interventions and future preparedness.