Compartment Syndrome: Recognizing The Hidden Emergency and When to Intervene – Case Report

Abstract

Compartment syndrome secondary to deep burns constitutes a surgical emergency that threatens the function and viability of the affected limb. We present the case of a 37-year-old male patient who suffered an explosion resulting in deep second-degree and third-degree burns on the right upper extremity, developing progressive edema, severe pain, paresthesia, and decreased distal perfusion, findings consistent with compartment syndrome. Intracompartmental pressure measurement confirmed the need for immediate decompression, leading to a combined fasciotomy of the anterior and posterior compartments of the forearm, preserving neurovascular structures and optimizing hand function. Postoperative management included pain control, wound care, delayed coverage of deep burns with partial-thickness skin grafts, and early physical rehabilitation. Clinical evolution was favorable, with full recovery of mobility, strength, and sensation of the limb, minimal scar contracture, and satisfactory aesthetic outcomes. This case highlights the importance of early detection of burn-related compartment syndrome, precise indication for fasciotomy, and a multidisciplinary approach in plastic and reconstructive surgery to achieve optimal functional and aesthetic outcomes.