Statistical analysis of larval postspiracular filament length reveals continuous variation in Bolivian <i>Anopheles pseudopunctipennis</i> (Diptera: Culicidae)

Abstract

Abstract Anopheles pseudopunctipennis is a neotropical malaria vector widely distributed from northern Argentina and Chile to the southern United States. At the larval stage, it is characterized by posterior-lateral caudal filaments, which vary markedly in length within the same samples in Bolivia, with some individuals displaying unusually long filaments. The coexistence of individuals with relatively long and relatively short filaments raises the question of whether at least two distinct populations could be differentiated based on caudal filament length. This study examined filament-length distributions in two Bolivian dry-valley populations, El Chaco and Mataral, to determine whether variation reflects distinct subpopulations or continuous phenotypic variation within a single population. Distributions deviated from normality, exhibiting moderate skewness and tail heaviness, and the Generalized Error Distribution provided the best statistical fit. Examination of outliers and a targeted analysis of the distribution tail using multiple complementary methods showed that extreme values did not form a discrete secondary cluster but rather represented the upper continuum of the trait range. The two sites showed broadly comparable distributions, consistent with similar environmental conditions. These results emphasize the importance of using appropriate distributional models for continuous traits, highlight the occurrence of rare extreme phenotypes within otherwise homogeneous populations, and provide a baseline for future studies on the ecological and genetic determinants of caudal filament variation in An. pseudopunctipennis .