Evaluación del cambio en la expansión del cultivo de Quinua en un año niño y niña mediante el uso de imágenes Landsat
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Abstract
El altiplano presenta gradiente de precipitación de norte a sur. En el presente trabajo se evalúa las superficies de quinua, herbazales y cuerpos de agua con las imágenes satelitales Landsat de libre acceso, mediante el programa ERDAS. Para determinar si las superficies son realmente las obtenidas su comparación fue hecha con las de PDM's, resultando casi similares a superficies reportadas. Los eventos del fenómeno Niña o Niño no implica que el comportamiento de las precipitaciones pronostiquen año lluvioso o seco respectivamente, tampoco implica que se presenten con la misma intensidad, en todo el Altiplano, ya que existe factores que afectarían la exposición local como son la fisiografía, condiciones ambientales, etc. Por otra parte, depende también del origen del fenómeno, esto sucede porque la ubicación de enorme masa de agua caliente, hace que la ubicación de la corriente del Chorro, o la pista de tormenta cambie. Como consecuencia algunas regiones son más calientes, más frías, más húmedas, más secas, o lo normal. Lo que ocurrió en los años seleccionados de estudio en la que un año Niña (88/89) fue muy seca (87,5 mm Uyuni y 230,8 mm Patacamaya) de lo normal (180,6 mm Uyuni y 406,1 mm Patacamaya). O el año Niño (97/98), en el cual Patacamaya (480,7 mm) tuvo precipitaciones mayores a la normal (406,1 mm) y Uyuni (27,5 mm) precipitaciones menores a la normal (27,5 mm), esto debido a que no todos los Niños o Niña se manifiestan con la misma fuerza o ubicación. Durante el periodo de estudio, se ven tres épocas marcadas. Primero, la década de los ochenta, en la que la producción de quinua sufre efectos adversos como sequias contínuas, durante estos años de producción, la falta de apoyo técnico y reacción ante este tipo de desastres obliga a los productores a reducir o mantener las superficies de quinua. Segundo, en la época de los noventa, las condiciones climáticas son más favorables respecto a las precipitaciones, por otra parte el ingreso del apoyo técnico y maquinaria para mejorar la producción, hace que se incrementen las superficies de quinua. Finalmente, los inicios del 2000 de acuerdo a los PDM's, las superficies agrícolas se van incrementando esto con el apoyo de la tecnología, pero también se suma el precio de la quinua lo que realmente motivó a incrementar sus superficies. Cabe señalar que la dinámica de cambio de uso de suelo va relacionada con la precipitación que permite que existan ganancias y pérdidas de coberturas. Los patrones identificados de cambio son el paso de un herbazal tanto denso como moderado y suelos con cultivos de quinua.
The Altiplano presents rainfall gradient from north to south. In the present study the surfaces of quinoa, grasslands and water bodies is evaluated with Landsat satellite images freely available through the ERDAS program. In order to determine if the surfaces are actually the obtained ones, they were compared with PDM's, as a result of this comparison they showed almost similar surfaces. The events of the phenomenon La Niña o El Niño do not imply a prediction of the behavior of rainfall, a rainy ordry year respectively, it does not even imply that occur with the same intensity throughout the Altiplano, as there factors that affect local exposure such as physiography , environmental conditions, etc. However, it also depends on the origin of the phenomenon, this happens because the ubication of the great mass of warm water, it makes the flow gush location, or the storm path change. As a consequence some regions are warmer, colder, wetter, drier, or even normal. What happened in the selected years of study, when a La Niña year (88/89) was very dry (87,5 mm and 230,8 mm Uyuni, Patacamaya) than normal (180,6 mm and 406,1 mm Uyuni, Patacamaya). Or El Niño year (97/98) in which Patacamaya had more precipitation (480.7 mm) than a normal year (406.1 mm) and Uyuni registered less rainfall (27.5 mm) than in a normal year (27.5 mm). Then it indicates that El Niño and La Niña events do not express on the same intensity or location every time. During the study, three periods are defined. First, the 80's when quinoa production suffers adverse effects by continuous droughts, besides there was a lack of technical support and responding to such disasters, these conditions forced to reduce or maintain the surfaces of quinoa. Second, the 90's when the climatic conditions are more favorable related to rainfall. Moreover, there was technical support and equipment to improve production, then it makes quinoa surfaces increase. Finally, the beginning of 2000 and according to the PDM 's, the agricultural areas increased with the support of technology, and the increase of quinoa price as well; those factors motivated to increase their surfaces. It is important to remark that the dynamics of change in land use is related to the precipitation which allows gains and losses on coverages. The identified patterns of change are the farmers pass from dense o moderate grassland cultivated by quinoa. In this regard Vallejos (s / f) mentioned thattype of grassland which covers soils are the priority for new production areas quinoa.
The Altiplano presents rainfall gradient from north to south. In the present study the surfaces of quinoa, grasslands and water bodies is evaluated with Landsat satellite images freely available through the ERDAS program. In order to determine if the surfaces are actually the obtained ones, they were compared with PDM's, as a result of this comparison they showed almost similar surfaces. The events of the phenomenon La Niña o El Niño do not imply a prediction of the behavior of rainfall, a rainy ordry year respectively, it does not even imply that occur with the same intensity throughout the Altiplano, as there factors that affect local exposure such as physiography , environmental conditions, etc. However, it also depends on the origin of the phenomenon, this happens because the ubication of the great mass of warm water, it makes the flow gush location, or the storm path change. As a consequence some regions are warmer, colder, wetter, drier, or even normal. What happened in the selected years of study, when a La Niña year (88/89) was very dry (87,5 mm and 230,8 mm Uyuni, Patacamaya) than normal (180,6 mm and 406,1 mm Uyuni, Patacamaya). Or El Niño year (97/98) in which Patacamaya had more precipitation (480.7 mm) than a normal year (406.1 mm) and Uyuni registered less rainfall (27.5 mm) than in a normal year (27.5 mm). Then it indicates that El Niño and La Niña events do not express on the same intensity or location every time. During the study, three periods are defined. First, the 80's when quinoa production suffers adverse effects by continuous droughts, besides there was a lack of technical support and responding to such disasters, these conditions forced to reduce or maintain the surfaces of quinoa. Second, the 90's when the climatic conditions are more favorable related to rainfall. Moreover, there was technical support and equipment to improve production, then it makes quinoa surfaces increase. Finally, the beginning of 2000 and according to the PDM 's, the agricultural areas increased with the support of technology, and the increase of quinoa price as well; those factors motivated to increase their surfaces. It is important to remark that the dynamics of change in land use is related to the precipitation which allows gains and losses on coverages. The identified patterns of change are the farmers pass from dense o moderate grassland cultivated by quinoa. In this regard Vallejos (s / f) mentioned thattype of grassland which covers soils are the priority for new production areas quinoa.
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Vol. 2, No. 1