¿Qué separa a los bolivianos? Un estudio experimental de los efectos de las identidades sociales en la confianza y el afecto
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Abstract
Este estudio examina el impacto de las identidades sociales históricas y adscriptivas -como la etnia, la región y el estatus socioeconómico- junto con las identidades partidistas de reciente formación en Bolivia, utilizando un experimento de encuesta conductual para medir la confianza y el sesgo. Los resultados indican que el partidismo ha surgido como una superidentidad, consolidando varias viejas divisiones no resueltas y generando un antagonismo significativamente mayor hacia quienes tienen preferencias de voto opuestas. En una escala de uno a diez, el sesgo hacia grupos externos entre los votantes del partido en el poder y los de la oposición oscila entre 0.90 y 1.73, frente a un sesgo étnico estadísticamente insignificante y un sesgo regional moderado de 0.55. El sesgo socioeconómico también es evidente, ya que los grupos más pobres muestran un sesgo de 0.46 hacia los más ricos. Estos resultados subrayan el papel del partidismo en la amplificación de las divisiones históricas. También estudiamos cómo se comparan las medidas de comportamiento con las medidas de autoinforme del afecto, y nuestros resultados muestran que las medidas tradicionales de afecto muestran más fragmentación y polarización que las medidas de comportamiento. Es importante destacar que no encontramos diferencias significativas entre los grupos de identidad en las actitudes políticas sobre cuestiones como la democracia, los derechos de propiedad, el bienestar, el matrimonio homosexual o el aborto, lo que sugiere que las divisiones partidistas pueden deberse más a un sentimiento de ser incluido o excluido por el grupo que a un desacuerdo ideológico.
This study examines the impact of historical and ascriptive social identities -such as ethnicity, region, and socioeconomic status- alongside newly formed partisan identities in Bolivia, using a behavioral survey experiment to measure trust and bias. Findings indicate that partisanship has emerged as a super-identity, consolidating various old unresolved cleavages and generating significantly stronger antagonism toward those with opposing voting preferences. On a one- to-ten scale, out-group bias among Incumbent and Opposition voters ranges from 0.90 to 1.73, compared to a statistically insignificant ethnic bias and a moderate regional bias of 0.55. Socioeconomic bias is also evident, with poorer groups exhibiting a 0.46 bias toward wealthier individuals. These results underscore the role of partisanship in amplifying historical divides. We also studied how behavioral measures compare to self-report measures of affection, and our results show that traditional measures of affection display more fragmentation and polarization than behavioral measures. Importantly, we find no significant differences across identity groups in policy auitudes on issues such as democracy, property rights, welfare, gay marriage, or abortion, suggesting that partisan divides may stem more from a sense of being included or excluded by the group than from ideological disagreement.
This study examines the impact of historical and ascriptive social identities -such as ethnicity, region, and socioeconomic status- alongside newly formed partisan identities in Bolivia, using a behavioral survey experiment to measure trust and bias. Findings indicate that partisanship has emerged as a super-identity, consolidating various old unresolved cleavages and generating significantly stronger antagonism toward those with opposing voting preferences. On a one- to-ten scale, out-group bias among Incumbent and Opposition voters ranges from 0.90 to 1.73, compared to a statistically insignificant ethnic bias and a moderate regional bias of 0.55. Socioeconomic bias is also evident, with poorer groups exhibiting a 0.46 bias toward wealthier individuals. These results underscore the role of partisanship in amplifying historical divides. We also studied how behavioral measures compare to self-report measures of affection, and our results show that traditional measures of affection display more fragmentation and polarization than behavioral measures. Importantly, we find no significant differences across identity groups in policy auitudes on issues such as democracy, property rights, welfare, gay marriage, or abortion, suggesting that partisan divides may stem more from a sense of being included or excluded by the group than from ideological disagreement.
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No. 42