Formación, prevención e innovación en el tratamiento de drenajes ácidos en operaciones mineras
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REV. MAMYM
Abstract
El drenaje ácido en operaciones mineras, se caracteriza por tener una alta acidez, metales pesados tóxicos disueltos y sulfato, y se genera cuando los residuos ricos en sulfuro se exponen al agua de la lluvia y al oxígeno del aire. Actualmente, se constituye en una de las fuentes más importantes de contaminación que se genera en especial en los sitios de almacenamiento de residuos mineros (Botaderos y tranques de relaves). Se han desarrollado varias alternativas para tratar estos drenajes a objeto de que los mismos no impacten de manera negativa a la calidad de las aguas superficiales y subterráneas, a los ecosistemas acuáticos y/o a la salud de las personas; y entre ellas, se pueden citar a la neutralización-precipitación, la adsorción, el intercambio de iones, la tecnología de membranas, el tratamiento con bacterias sulfato-reductoras y la electrólisis. Sin embargo, todas las técnicas citadas, requieren de acciones que perduran en el tiempo y requieren del uso de reactivos, medios de atenuación y/o energía, además de costos de mano de obra, y/o controles permanentes; de manera que, permitan descargas del efluente tratado cumpliendo las normativas ambientales cada vez más rígidas. En ese contexto, en los últimos tiempos, se están desarrollando estrategias enfocadas, por una parte, a prevenir la formación de drenajes ácidos, mediante una separación selectiva de los residuos estériles generados en la explotación minera en base a su comportamiento geoquímico, y también, la desulfurización de los relaves, antes de su disposición final o su reprocesamiento; y por otra, al tratamiento innovador de DAM en el interior de las minas subterráneas. En esta revisión, se presentan los fundamentos de la formación de drenajes ácidos en minería y los avances más recientes en las técnicas de prevención, del manejo ambiental de residuos mineros generadores de drenajes ácido de roca, y finalmente, las innovaciones en el tratamiento de DAR/DAM
Acid drainage in mining operations is characterized by high acidity, dissolved toxic heavy metals and sulfate, and is generated when sulfide-rich tailings are exposed to rainwater and oxygen in the air. Currently, it is one of the most important sources of pollution generated especially in mining waste storage sites (dumps and tailings dams). Several alternatives have been developed to treat these drains so that they do not have a negative impact on the quality of surface and groundwater, aquatic ecosystems and/or people's health, including neutralization-precipitation, adsorption, ion exchange, membrane technology, treatment with sulfate-reducing bacteria and electrolysis. However, all the above techniques require actions that last over time and require the use of reagents, attenuation means and/or energy, as well as labor costs and/or permanent controls, in order to allow discharges of the treated effluent in compliance with increasingly strict environmental regulations. In this context, in recent times, strategies are being developed focused on the one hand, to prevent the formation of acid drainage, through a selective separation of the tailings generated in mining based on their geochemical behavior, and also, the desulfurization of tailings, before their final disposal or reprocessing; and on the other hand, to the innovative treatment of AMD inside subway mines. In this review, we present the fundamentals of acid mine drainage formation and the most recent advances in prevention techniques, environmental management of mining wastes that generate acid rock drainage, and finally, innovations in ARD/AMD treatment
Acid drainage in mining operations is characterized by high acidity, dissolved toxic heavy metals and sulfate, and is generated when sulfide-rich tailings are exposed to rainwater and oxygen in the air. Currently, it is one of the most important sources of pollution generated especially in mining waste storage sites (dumps and tailings dams). Several alternatives have been developed to treat these drains so that they do not have a negative impact on the quality of surface and groundwater, aquatic ecosystems and/or people's health, including neutralization-precipitation, adsorption, ion exchange, membrane technology, treatment with sulfate-reducing bacteria and electrolysis. However, all the above techniques require actions that last over time and require the use of reagents, attenuation means and/or energy, as well as labor costs and/or permanent controls, in order to allow discharges of the treated effluent in compliance with increasingly strict environmental regulations. In this context, in recent times, strategies are being developed focused on the one hand, to prevent the formation of acid drainage, through a selective separation of the tailings generated in mining based on their geochemical behavior, and also, the desulfurization of tailings, before their final disposal or reprocessing; and on the other hand, to the innovative treatment of AMD inside subway mines. In this review, we present the fundamentals of acid mine drainage formation and the most recent advances in prevention techniques, environmental management of mining wastes that generate acid rock drainage, and finally, innovations in ARD/AMD treatment
Description
Vol. 7, No. 1