Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced myocarditis: a comprehensive review with clinical case insights

Abstract

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized cancer therapy by significantly improving long-term outcomes across multiple malignancies. Despite their benefits, ICIs can lead to immune-related adverse events, including rare but severe cardiovascular toxicity such as myocarditis, which can be life-threatening. This comprehensive review aims to explore and discuss the mechanisms, clinical presentation, diagnostic challenges, and management strategies of ICI-induced myocarditis, emphasizing the need for early detection and timely intervention. As the use of ICIs continues to expand, further research is essential to fully elucidate the underlying mechanisms and optimize therapeutic strategies to mitigate this potentially fatal complication while maintaining the efficacy of cancer therapy.