Diseño, Construcción y Evaluación de un Horno (MK3) para la Cocción de Ladrillos Artesanales
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RevActaNova.
Abstract
Los productores artesanales de ladrillo en Bolivia y en toda la región sudamericana, representan un sector económico importante para la actividad de la construcción e implica a una población importante dedicada a esta actividad. Lamentablemente, los productores artesanales utilizan hornos tipo volcán para el quemado de los ladrillos que son muy ineficientes energéticamente (consumen entre 4 a 6 MJ/kg de ladrillo cocido y generan fuertes emisiones de contaminantes atmosféricos, principalmente CO y material particulado. Estas emisiones afectan seriamente la calidad del aire en las zonas peri-urbanas en las que se instala regularmente esta actividad. Como respuesta a esta problemática se desarrolló, construyó y evaluó un horno, tipo MK, que utiliza gas natural como único combustible y funciona con tres módulos de cocción. Estos módulos se alternan para funcionar sucesivamente como: horno de quema, horno de filtración/recuperación y horno de carga descarga. En la operación de quema, se utiliza un sistema de tiro invertido controlado por un ventilador, los gases calientes del horno de quema pasan a través del horno de recuperación de manera a recuperar parte de la energía térmica y filtrar las emisiones contaminantes. De esta manera se reduce el consumo de energía en un 48% y se logra también una fuerte reducción de las emisiones de contaminantes, sobre todo en cuanto a CO y material particulado. La principal desventaja del horno desarrollado es la dificultad en lograr una elevada proporción de ladrillos de primera, esto por una mala distribución vertical de la temperatura al interior del horno. Este nuevo horno se denominó MK3 por los tres módulos de quema con los que opera.
Artisanal brick producers in Bolivia and throughout the South American region, represent an important economic sector for construction activity and involves a significant population engaged in this activity. Unfortunately, artisanal producers use kilns for burning bricks that are very inefficient (consume 4 to 6 MJ / kg of fired brick) and generate strong emissions of air pollutants, mainly CO and particulate matter. These emissions affect seriously air quality in peri-urban areas where this activity is regularly installed. In response to this problem we developed, built and tested a kiln, MK type, which uses natural gas as the only fuel and works with three modules. These modules are alternated to run on as: burning furnace, furnace filtration / recovery and furnace loading and unloading in the burning operation, a system downdraft controlled by a fan is used, the hot gases from burning furnace pass through the recovery furnace so as to recover some of the heat energy and filter emissions. In this way the energy consumption is reduced by 48% and a significant reduction in pollutant emissions is also achieved, especially in terms of CO and particulate matter. The main disadvantage of the developed furnace is the difficulty in achieving a high proportion of high quality bricks, due to poor vertical distribution of temperature inside the oven. This new furnace was called MK3 because of the three modules with which it operates.
Artisanal brick producers in Bolivia and throughout the South American region, represent an important economic sector for construction activity and involves a significant population engaged in this activity. Unfortunately, artisanal producers use kilns for burning bricks that are very inefficient (consume 4 to 6 MJ / kg of fired brick) and generate strong emissions of air pollutants, mainly CO and particulate matter. These emissions affect seriously air quality in peri-urban areas where this activity is regularly installed. In response to this problem we developed, built and tested a kiln, MK type, which uses natural gas as the only fuel and works with three modules. These modules are alternated to run on as: burning furnace, furnace filtration / recovery and furnace loading and unloading in the burning operation, a system downdraft controlled by a fan is used, the hot gases from burning furnace pass through the recovery furnace so as to recover some of the heat energy and filter emissions. In this way the energy consumption is reduced by 48% and a significant reduction in pollutant emissions is also achieved, especially in terms of CO and particulate matter. The main disadvantage of the developed furnace is the difficulty in achieving a high proportion of high quality bricks, due to poor vertical distribution of temperature inside the oven. This new furnace was called MK3 because of the three modules with which it operates.
Description
Vol. 7, No. 2