Optimización de áreas de riego en base a hidrología estocástica y sistemas hidropónicos en la comunidad Centro Rivera, Río Desaguadero, Altiplano central
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Abstract
Las condiciones hidrológicas, climáticas y ecológicas observadas en el área de estudio, ubicada en las riberas del río Desaguadero, muestran una baja capacidad productiva. Entre los factores limitantes podemos señalar las temperaturas mínimas y máximas por periodos largos, que tienen directa relación con frecuentes heladas nocturnas, la falta de agua durante algunos meses del año, la elevada tasa de evapotranspiración, la cantidad limitada de nutrientes y materia orgánica en los suelos y la mala calidad de las aguas superficiales y aguas subterráneas. Con el uso software de modelación estocástica y la aplicación de metodologías se comparó dos escenarios futuros para los periodos 2011-2030 y 2046-2065. En estos periodos se muestran que las temperaturas mínimas y máximas se incrementan en promedio de 2 °C en relación al periodo base. Al realizar el análisis piezométrico en los niveles de las aguas subterráneas del área de producción, y de acuerdo a la ubicación se determinó que los piezómetros cercanos al río y canales de riego no presentan variaciones considerables en el nivel freático, pero si los que se encuentran alejados de estas. El RAS es alto indicando alto contenido de sodio llegando a clasificarse como aguas no aptas para el uso en riego. Los resultados obtenidos por ABRO indican que para los escenarios futuros habrá una disminución de 8 hasta 14 hectáreas en relación al escenario base. En base a estos resultados se planteó alternativas de producción para zonas semiáridas, el forraje verde hidropónico (FVH). La producción de forraje verde hidropónico comparado con sistemas tradicionales permite el ahorro de 50 % de agua en un sistema en el que se usó 5 kg de semillas/m², con bandejas de 0,50 x 1 m, en dos estantes de 4 filas con capacidad de producción de 96 bandejas. En este sistema se pretende producir hasta 50 kg por día de forraje verde en un área total de 48 m². Bajo este sistema de producción en un año se puede llegar a obtener 18250 kg de forraje fresco, comparado con la producción de 2 hectáreas de alfalfa a campo abierto que tiene un rendimiento de 5880 kg ha-¹ en solo dos cortes. Por lo tanto, la producción de forraje verde hidropónico equivaldría a 6 hectáreas de superficie a campo abierto.
Hydrological, climatic and ecological conditions observed in the study area, located on the shores of Desaguadero river, show low productive capacity. Among the limiting factors we can point out the minimum and maximum temperatures for long periods, which are directly related to frequent frost nights, lack of water for several months, high rate of evapotranspiration, limited amount of nutrients and organic matter soils and poor quality of surface water and groundwater. Using a stochastic modeling software and application of methodologies, two future scenarios were compared; the periods were 2011-2030 and 2046-2065. Throughout these periods, the minimum and maximum average temperatures increase around 2 °C related to the base period. For piezometric analysis, the levels of groundwater in the agricultural area and according to the location, it was seen that regions close to the river and irrigation canals there is no considerable variations in the water table, but the variation is getting more and more if the piezometer is far away from these. Chemical analysis of water indicate that SAR is high, which indicates high sodium content; that led to classify them as unfit for use in irrigation. The results obtained of ABRO indicated that in future scenarios there will be a decrease of 8-14 hectares of agricultural area in relation to the baseline scenario. Based on the obtained results, it was set a production alternative forsemi-arid areas, the hydroponicforage (FVH for its acronyms in Spanish). The Hydroponic forage compared to traditional systems allows saving around 50% of water in a system where 5 kg of seeds m-² was used, with trays of 0,50 x 1 m, in two shelves of four rows with a total production capacity of 96 trays. This system intended to produce up to 50 kg per day of green fodder in a total area of 48 m². Underthis system of production during a year, there is a production around 18250 kg of fresh forage, compared with alfalfa production of 2 hectares in a open field which has 5880 kg ha-1 yield of in just two cuts. Therefore, the production of hydroponic forage is equivalent to 6 hectares in the open field. Under these criteria, it was set the optimization of irrigated areas, efficient water use for production, and also reuse of saline water in hydroponic systems, those are excellent opportunities for these arid areas.
Hydrological, climatic and ecological conditions observed in the study area, located on the shores of Desaguadero river, show low productive capacity. Among the limiting factors we can point out the minimum and maximum temperatures for long periods, which are directly related to frequent frost nights, lack of water for several months, high rate of evapotranspiration, limited amount of nutrients and organic matter soils and poor quality of surface water and groundwater. Using a stochastic modeling software and application of methodologies, two future scenarios were compared; the periods were 2011-2030 and 2046-2065. Throughout these periods, the minimum and maximum average temperatures increase around 2 °C related to the base period. For piezometric analysis, the levels of groundwater in the agricultural area and according to the location, it was seen that regions close to the river and irrigation canals there is no considerable variations in the water table, but the variation is getting more and more if the piezometer is far away from these. Chemical analysis of water indicate that SAR is high, which indicates high sodium content; that led to classify them as unfit for use in irrigation. The results obtained of ABRO indicated that in future scenarios there will be a decrease of 8-14 hectares of agricultural area in relation to the baseline scenario. Based on the obtained results, it was set a production alternative forsemi-arid areas, the hydroponicforage (FVH for its acronyms in Spanish). The Hydroponic forage compared to traditional systems allows saving around 50% of water in a system where 5 kg of seeds m-² was used, with trays of 0,50 x 1 m, in two shelves of four rows with a total production capacity of 96 trays. This system intended to produce up to 50 kg per day of green fodder in a total area of 48 m². Underthis system of production during a year, there is a production around 18250 kg of fresh forage, compared with alfalfa production of 2 hectares in a open field which has 5880 kg ha-1 yield of in just two cuts. Therefore, the production of hydroponic forage is equivalent to 6 hectares in the open field. Under these criteria, it was set the optimization of irrigated areas, efficient water use for production, and also reuse of saline water in hydroponic systems, those are excellent opportunities for these arid areas.
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Vol. 2, No. 1