HALOS DE CONTAMINACIÓN EN LA SUB-CUENCA DEL RÍO ANTEQUERA (PAZÑA - DEPARTAMENTO DE ORURO)
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Revista Boliviana de Física
Abstract
Mediciones de Sondeos Eléctricos Verticales (SEVs) practicados en la sub-cuenca del río Antequera en el municipio de Pazña del Departamento de Oruro fueron utilizadas para el estudio de problemas de contaminación ambiental por actividad minera. Se realizaron siete perfiles de medición de diferentes longitudes siendo los más extensos los de Avicaya y la Confluencia de Ríos, con 2800 y 1800 metros, respectivamente. Los datos de superficie fueron utilizados para la definición preliminar de los "Halos de contaminación " en dos dimensiones (mapas). Todas las curvas de sondeo de resistividad electrica fueron reducidas a un "modelo de tres capas", que permite una discusión, también preliminar, de las denominadas "plumas de contaminación " en tres dimensiones, es decir, los volúmenes de "contaminación subterránea". Estos datos y los resultados fueron contrastados con valores de mediciones de conductividad electrica puntuales, valores de pH, y resultados de análisis químicos de muestras de aguas y suelos puntuales medidos por grupos de investigación hidro-química y ampliados por observaciones visuales del estado de los suelos in situ. Una primera interpretación nos permite indicar que aproximadamente el 60% de los terrenos, zona central longitudinal, de la llanura de la sub-cuenca del río Antequera se encuentra contaminada, distribuida entre áreas de alto hasta leve grado, por aguas con influencia minera, ácidas, en la parte norte y por la influencia de fuentes termales, alcalinas, en la parte sur. Un 40% de los terrenos de la sub-cuenca, especialmente el lado occidental y sus alrededores todavía se encuentran libres de la acción contaminadora de estas fuentes que creemos deben preservarse. Para mayor detalle observe el "mapa de riesgo ambiental" presentado al final.
Vertical electrical sounding measurements (VES) were taken at the sub watershed of the Antequera River located within the Pazña Municipality in the Department of Oruro. The results were used to study the environmental contamination problems caused by mining activity in the area. Seven profiles were obtained using measurements taken at different longitudes, from the most extensive at Avicaya to the confluence of the area's rivers at 2,800 and 1,800 metres respectively. Surface area data was used to form a preliminary definition of the "polution halos" in two dimensions (maps). The curves of the electrical resistance soundings were converted to a three layer model that enables a preliminary discussion of the "pollution plumes" in three dimensions, i.e., the volume of subterranean pollution. Data and results were correlated with exact electrical conductivity measurements, pH values, and results from a chemical analysis of soil and water taken by a group of hydro-chemical researchers and complemented by visual observations of the state of the ground in situ. A first analysis and interpretation of the results indicates that approximately 60% of the lands in the central longitudinal zone of the planes of the sub watershed of the Antequera River are contaminated. The contaminated areas are distributed between high and low gradient areas in the north water bodies are affected by acidity produced through mining activity. In the south, water quality is affected by the alkaline properties of thermal waters. A percentage of 40% of the sub watershed, especially in the west and surroundings, remains free of contamination (we believe that it must be preserved). Greater detail is shown in the environmental risk map produced as part of the study.
Vertical electrical sounding measurements (VES) were taken at the sub watershed of the Antequera River located within the Pazña Municipality in the Department of Oruro. The results were used to study the environmental contamination problems caused by mining activity in the area. Seven profiles were obtained using measurements taken at different longitudes, from the most extensive at Avicaya to the confluence of the area's rivers at 2,800 and 1,800 metres respectively. Surface area data was used to form a preliminary definition of the "polution halos" in two dimensions (maps). The curves of the electrical resistance soundings were converted to a three layer model that enables a preliminary discussion of the "pollution plumes" in three dimensions, i.e., the volume of subterranean pollution. Data and results were correlated with exact electrical conductivity measurements, pH values, and results from a chemical analysis of soil and water taken by a group of hydro-chemical researchers and complemented by visual observations of the state of the ground in situ. A first analysis and interpretation of the results indicates that approximately 60% of the lands in the central longitudinal zone of the planes of the sub watershed of the Antequera River are contaminated. The contaminated areas are distributed between high and low gradient areas in the north water bodies are affected by acidity produced through mining activity. In the south, water quality is affected by the alkaline properties of thermal waters. A percentage of 40% of the sub watershed, especially in the west and surroundings, remains free of contamination (we believe that it must be preserved). Greater detail is shown in the environmental risk map produced as part of the study.
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Vol. 15, No. 15