Bivalves and gastropods are the most vulnerable among hydrobionts in radioactively contaminated reservoir

Abstract

The response of mollusk communities to radioactive contamination in natural freshwater ecosystems remains understudied. We have analyzed the data on species composition of bivalve and gastropod mollusks inhabiting the «Mayak» Production Association (PA) (Russia, Chelyabinsk Region) special industrial reservoirs (R-3, R-4, R-10, R-11, R-17). These waterbodies have the status of facilities of atomic energy industry (the “atomic heritage”) and are used as storages of liquid radioactive waste. The Shershnevskoye Reservoir (Chelyabinsk City, Russia), a waterbody with background activity concentration of anthropogenic radionuclides, has been studied as a control site. Radioactive contamination has led to chronic exposure of freshwater mollusks. The dose rate ranges were as follows: 6–14 mGy/day for reservoir R-11; 16–40 mGy/day for reservoir R-10; 37–73 mGy/day for reservoir R-4; 49–72 mGy/day for reservoir R-3; 1,270–2,370 mGy/day for reservoir R-17. It has been found that chronic radiation exposure leads to a decrease of mollusk species diversity. 21 species of bivalves and 35 species of gastropods were registered in the control waterbody. In radioactively contaminated sites, a sharp decrease in species diversity has been observed. For example, in reservoir R-11, 7-fold decrease in the number of bivalve mollusk species and 2-fold decrease in the number of gastropod species as compared with the control reservoir have been recorded. In R-10 and R-4, the number of bivalve species was reduced 20-fold and the number of gastropod species was reduced 5- and 9-fold, respectively. In R-3, no bivalves were registered, and the number of gastropod species was reduced 6-fold. No mollusks were detected in R-17. Among all hydrobionts, pelophilous bivalves of the family Sphaeriidae, as well as gill-breathing snails (Gastropoda, Caenogastropoda), whose life cycle is associated with bottom sediments, are the most vulnerable to the effect of chronic radiation exposure.