La gestión de la ciencia en el Instituto de Investigaciones de Sanidad Vegetal y su contribución a la protección del medio ambiente y la sostenibilidad de los sistemas agrícolas cubanos
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J. Selva Andina Biosph.
Abstract
La misión del INISAV es Contribuir a la disminución de los riesgos y pérdidas por plagas sin afectar al ambiente sobre una base sostenible. Su gestión se basa en un modelo de ciencia centrado en el entorno, caracterizado por 4 etapas: la planificación de las investigaciones, la ejecución, la validación y su adopción en la práctica agrícola. Se describen 3 resultados principales de investigación, relativos al Programa de Lucha Biológica (PLB), los Programas de Manejo de Plagas (PMP) y la Eliminación del uso del Bromuro de Metilo (EBM). Se diseñó e implementó la red nacional de 251 Laboratorios para la Reproducción de Entomófagos y Entomopatógenos (CREE), 4 plantas para la producción de bioplaguicídas y la generación de 13 productos biológicos y sus tecnologías. Además fueron generalizados Programas de Manejo de Plagas en más de 25 cultivos para sistemas convencionales y agroecológicos y la adopción de PMP destinados a sustituir el bromuro de metilo. Los impactos de los resultados al medio ambiente, la producción agropecuaria, la economía del país, y las comunidades rurales, se demuestran con la reducción de importaciones de plaguicidas químicos, de 40 000 t en 1974, a cerca de 3000 t en el 2014. En 1988 el área cultivable beneficiada con bioproductos era de 300 000 ha y en el 2014 ascendió a 1 354 000 ha. La eliminación de 80 t de bromuro de metilo en tabaco, 35 t en el resto de los sectores, la reducción de aplicaciones de otros agroquímicos, la incorporación del control biológico y otras medidas de manejo, se consideran la base fundamental para la sostenibilidad en los cultivos. En la actualidad en el 72% del área total sembrada se realizan aplicaciones de plaguicidas en PMP, de éstas, el 38% solo con biológicos, en el 34% se combinan biológicos y químicos y en el 28% restante, se aplican otras alternativas fitosanitarias en PMP.
The mission of INISAV is to contribute to the reduction of risks and losses by pests without affecting the environment on a sustainable basis. Its management is based on a science model linked with environment and characterized by 4 phases: the planning of research's, their implementation, validation and adoption in the agriculture practice. Three main results of research are described: Biological control Program (PBC), Pest Management Programs (PMP) and the Elimination of the use of methyl bromide. A national network of 251 Laboratories for reproduction of entomophagues and entomopathogens (CREE) was designed and implemented, together with 4 biopesticide production plants. Thirteen (13) biological products and technologies were created. Furthermore, pest management programs (PMP) were extended in more than 25 crops for conventional and agro-ecological systems, as well as adoption of PMP to replace methyl bromide. The impacts of the results to the environment, agricultural production, the country's economy, and rural communities, were confirmed by the significant reduction of imports of chemical pesticides, from 40 000 t in 1974 to about 3000 t in 2012. In 1988 the arable area benefited by bioproducts was 300 000 ha while in 2012 amounted to 1 354 000 ha. The elimination of 80 t of methyl bromide in tobacco, 35 t in the other sectors, the reduction of other agrochemicals, the incorporation of biological control applications and some management measures, are considered the main basis for sustainability in crops. At present, 72% of the total area planted is under applications of pesticides in PMP. Of these, 38% with only biological products, 34% the combination of biological and chemical pesticides and in the remaining 28% apply phytosanitary alternatives included in the pest management programs.
The mission of INISAV is to contribute to the reduction of risks and losses by pests without affecting the environment on a sustainable basis. Its management is based on a science model linked with environment and characterized by 4 phases: the planning of research's, their implementation, validation and adoption in the agriculture practice. Three main results of research are described: Biological control Program (PBC), Pest Management Programs (PMP) and the Elimination of the use of methyl bromide. A national network of 251 Laboratories for reproduction of entomophagues and entomopathogens (CREE) was designed and implemented, together with 4 biopesticide production plants. Thirteen (13) biological products and technologies were created. Furthermore, pest management programs (PMP) were extended in more than 25 crops for conventional and agro-ecological systems, as well as adoption of PMP to replace methyl bromide. The impacts of the results to the environment, agricultural production, the country's economy, and rural communities, were confirmed by the significant reduction of imports of chemical pesticides, from 40 000 t in 1974 to about 3000 t in 2012. In 1988 the arable area benefited by bioproducts was 300 000 ha while in 2012 amounted to 1 354 000 ha. The elimination of 80 t of methyl bromide in tobacco, 35 t in the other sectors, the reduction of other agrochemicals, the incorporation of biological control applications and some management measures, are considered the main basis for sustainability in crops. At present, 72% of the total area planted is under applications of pesticides in PMP. Of these, 38% with only biological products, 34% the combination of biological and chemical pesticides and in the remaining 28% apply phytosanitary alternatives included in the pest management programs.
Description
Vol. 4, No. 2