Lineamientos de una estrategia de restauración ecológica para bosques altimontanos degradados en San Miguel, Parque Nacional Tunari (Cochabamba, Bolivia)
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RevActaNova.
Abstract
San Miguel es una comunidad quechua parlante dentro del Parque Nacional Tunari (PNT), Cochabamba, Bolivia. Dentro de esta existen remanentes del bosque nativo de Polylepis subtusalbida (Kewiña). Esta formación ha sido afectada por el uso humano y reemplazada por Pinus radiata y Eucalyptus globulus, especies exóticas conocidas por ser perjudiciales para el ecosistema. En este trabajo se propone la recuperación del bosque de Polylepis en áreas ahora ocupadas por plantaciones forestales en la comunidad de San Miguel. El buen estado de conservación del bosque de Polylepis se definió según la presencia del ave Oreomanes fraseri y la estructura vertical de la vegetación. En base a entrevistas a la comunidad se caracterizaron los factores críticos de degradación del bosque. Se elaboró un mapa parlante de la presencia y abundancia del ave bioindicadora. Se delimitó una superficie de 50 ha alrededor del poblado de San Miguel, en esta área se identificaron todas las formaciones vegetales. Se encontró que el 47% del área es cultivo y vivienda, un 13% son plantaciones y el resto son fragmentos de bosques de Polylepis, bosques mixtos con plantaciones y pastizales. Se seleccionó aquella área con más posibilidades de éxito de ser restaurada. También se encontró que los pobladores de San Miguel manifiestan un mayor interés por las plantaciones madereras que por el bosque nativo de Kewiña, siendo este el mayor impedimento para la restauración, por lo que se propone intervención con educación ambiental, consulta a la comunidad sobre el futuro de las plantaciones y desarrollo de actividades económicas alternativas que aprovechen sosteniblemente el bosque nativo.
San Miguel is a Quechua speaking community inside the National Park Tunari (PNT), Cochabamba, Bolivia. Inside exists remnants of the native forest of Polylepis subtusalbida (Kewiña, Rosaceae). This formation has been affected by human use and replaced by Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus globulus, exotic species well known to be harmful for the ecosystem. Therefore, in this work we propose the recuperation of the Polylepis forest in areas currently occupied by timber plantations. Good conservation condition of the Polylepis forest is defined by the presence of the bird Oreomanes fraseri. Based on interviews to the community, we characterized the critical factors of the forest degradation. We elaborated a talking map of presence and abundance of the bioindicator bird, delimited a surface of 50 ha around San Miguel, in which all the vegetation formations were identified, and found that nearly 50% of the área are crops and households, the rest are fragments of Polylepis forest, mixed forest with plantations, plantations and pasturelands. We defined the reference area and the most adequate area for starting the replacement of plantations with Polylepis. Interviews revealed that the principal impediments for the native forest conservation and the services it provides are its displacement by exotic species, the expansion of croplands and forest fires. Additionally, poverty is making people migrate to the city, increase agricultural pressure over soil and wanting to expand woodlands for logging. We propose the introduction of alternative economic activities, environmental education and the elimination of exotic species so the native forest can slowly recover itself.
San Miguel is a Quechua speaking community inside the National Park Tunari (PNT), Cochabamba, Bolivia. Inside exists remnants of the native forest of Polylepis subtusalbida (Kewiña, Rosaceae). This formation has been affected by human use and replaced by Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus globulus, exotic species well known to be harmful for the ecosystem. Therefore, in this work we propose the recuperation of the Polylepis forest in areas currently occupied by timber plantations. Good conservation condition of the Polylepis forest is defined by the presence of the bird Oreomanes fraseri. Based on interviews to the community, we characterized the critical factors of the forest degradation. We elaborated a talking map of presence and abundance of the bioindicator bird, delimited a surface of 50 ha around San Miguel, in which all the vegetation formations were identified, and found that nearly 50% of the área are crops and households, the rest are fragments of Polylepis forest, mixed forest with plantations, plantations and pasturelands. We defined the reference area and the most adequate area for starting the replacement of plantations with Polylepis. Interviews revealed that the principal impediments for the native forest conservation and the services it provides are its displacement by exotic species, the expansion of croplands and forest fires. Additionally, poverty is making people migrate to the city, increase agricultural pressure over soil and wanting to expand woodlands for logging. We propose the introduction of alternative economic activities, environmental education and the elimination of exotic species so the native forest can slowly recover itself.
Description
Vol. 8, No. 4