Estimación de la tasa sedimentos en la cuenca minera del lago Poopo mediante el modelo potencial de erosión de suelos (EPM) y tendencias ante variaciones climáticas - Uso de herramientas SIG y teledetección
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REV. MAMYM
Abstract
La presente investigación proyecta estimar el volumen de trasporte de sedimentos en la cuenca del lago Poopo aplicando el método Erosion Potential Method (EPM) y herramientas de Sistemas de Información Geografía (SIG) y teledetección, los resultados fueron evaluados con la perdida de suelo presentada en una de sus sub-cuencas tal el caso de la sub-cuenca Tacagua del cual se tienen registros batimétricos reportados en la gestión 2010. La cuenca del lago Poopo se localiza en el departamento de Oruro (Bolivia), abarca una superficie de 25.254,64 km² y está fuertemente afectada por procesos de erosión, sedimentación y contaminación. EPM considera cuatro factores: la erodabilidad del suelo, el clima, la topografía y el uso de suelos. Para el estudio se han considerado los datos climáticos de 22 estaciones meteorologías situadas dentro y a los alrededores de la cuenca; los parámetros de erodabilidad, cobertura vegetal y estado erosivo del suelo fueron obtenidos de los mapas de geología, uso de suelos y estados de erosión, el mapa de pendientes se obtuvo del modelo de elevación digital a 30 metros de resolución espacial. Los resultados encontrados, muestran que la tasa de transporte de sedimentos en la cuenca del lago Poopó alcanzo a 2.266.504,24 m³/año. Considerando que los sedimentos que llegan al lago Poopó no son solo los producidos por la cuenca del Lago, sino también de las cuencas aguas arriba como son: la cuenca del alto Desaguadero, Mauri y medio Desaguadero (31.130 km² adicionales), la tasa de transporte de sedimentos estimada de toda esta área llegaría a alcanzar aproximadamente unos 5.368.141 m³/año. Teniendo en cuenta que el volumen del lago Poopó es de aproximadamente 2,21 km³, se estima que en aproximadamente unos 410 años el lago Poopó se llegaría a colmatar completamente, produciendo un desastre ambiental más grave que el que actualmente se presenta.
The present investigation projects to estimate the volume of sediment transport in the Poopo lake basin applying the method Erosion Potential Method (EPM) and tools of Information Systems Geography (SIG) and remote sensing, the results were evaluated withthe soil loss presented in one of its sub-basins, such as the sub-basin. Tacagua basin, of which bathymetric records have been reported in the 2010 management. The Poopo lake basin is located in the department of Oruro (Bolivia), covers an area of 25,254.64 km² and is strongly affected by erosion, sedimentation and pollution processes. EPM considers four factors: soil erodability, climate, topography and land use. For the study, climatic data of 22 meteorological stations located in and around the basin were considered; The parameters of erodability, vegetation cover and soil erosion were obtained from the geology maps, land use and erosion states, the slope map was obtained from the digital elevation model at 30 meters of spatial resolution. The results show that the sediment transport rate in the Poopó lake basin reached 2,266,504.24 m3 / year. Considering that the sediments that reach Lake Poopó are not only those produced by the Lake basin, but also the upstream watersheds such as: the Alto Desaguadero basin, Mauri and the middle Desaguadero (31,130 additional km²), the transport rate Estimated sediment from this entire area would reach approximately 5,368,141 m³ / year. Bearing in mind that the volume of Lake Poopó is approximately 2.21 km³, it is estimated that in about 410 years Lake Poopó would be completely clogged, producing a more serious environmental disaster than the one that currently occurs.
The present investigation projects to estimate the volume of sediment transport in the Poopo lake basin applying the method Erosion Potential Method (EPM) and tools of Information Systems Geography (SIG) and remote sensing, the results were evaluated withthe soil loss presented in one of its sub-basins, such as the sub-basin. Tacagua basin, of which bathymetric records have been reported in the 2010 management. The Poopo lake basin is located in the department of Oruro (Bolivia), covers an area of 25,254.64 km² and is strongly affected by erosion, sedimentation and pollution processes. EPM considers four factors: soil erodability, climate, topography and land use. For the study, climatic data of 22 meteorological stations located in and around the basin were considered; The parameters of erodability, vegetation cover and soil erosion were obtained from the geology maps, land use and erosion states, the slope map was obtained from the digital elevation model at 30 meters of spatial resolution. The results show that the sediment transport rate in the Poopó lake basin reached 2,266,504.24 m3 / year. Considering that the sediments that reach Lake Poopó are not only those produced by the Lake basin, but also the upstream watersheds such as: the Alto Desaguadero basin, Mauri and the middle Desaguadero (31,130 additional km²), the transport rate Estimated sediment from this entire area would reach approximately 5,368,141 m³ / year. Bearing in mind that the volume of Lake Poopó is approximately 2.21 km³, it is estimated that in about 410 years Lake Poopó would be completely clogged, producing a more serious environmental disaster than the one that currently occurs.
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No. 4