IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE UN SISTEMA DE CALEFACCIÓN SOLAR TÉRMICO: ANÁLISIS ENERGÉTICO Y ECONÓMICO
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Abstract
El siguiente trabajo presenta la implementación de un sistema de calefacción solar térmico que usa tubos al vacío para el calentamiento de un fluido térmico, aprovechando la energía solar como fuente primaria de energía. La energía almacenada en el fluido es utilizada para climatizar un ambiente de una superficie de 45.5 m². El sistema se desarrolló con el objetivo de determinar la factibilidad tanto técnica como económica para su implementación en regiones de clima frío en Bolivia. El sistema cuenta con un colector solar de tubos al vacío que se conecta mediante tuberías a un intercambiador de calor tipo radiador. Se usó una bomba para la circulación del fluido caliente del colector al radiador y un ventilador para acelerar la transferencia de calor en el ambiente a climatizar. El sistema de calefacción cuenta con un termostato para el control de la temperatura ambiente para optimizar la energía solar disponible y el consumo de energía eléctrica de la bomba de agua y ventilador de aire. Con la implementación del sistema de calefacción, se consiguió aumentar la temperatura del ambiente de prueba a la temperatura deseada en 3 horas de funcionamiento, en el tiempo restante, el colector solar térmico almacenó la energía solar disponible en el tanque de agua para usarlo al día siguiente. Se comparó el sistema de calefacción solar con un calefactor eléctrico (4kW) bajo las mismas condiciones de operación. Se estimó un ahorro en energí aeléctrica mensual de 163.1kWh/mescon el sistema de calefacción solar que se traduce a un ahorro económico estimado de 23.4$US/mes. Al reducir el consumo de energía eléctrica también se reduce la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero (G.E.I.)en 81.5 kg de CO2/mes. Para el presente caso de estudio, el tiempo en el que se puede recuperar la inversión del sistema de calefacción solar térmico respecto al calefactor eléctrico es de 5.3 años. Como un parámetro importante se tiene que un metro de colector solar térmico de tubo al vacío puede calentar un ambiente de 16.5 m².
This work presents the implementation of a solar heating system that uses thermal vacuum tubes to heat a thermal fluid: Solar energy is used as a primary energy source. The stored energy is used to heat a room with an area of 45.5 square meters. The system was developed in order to determine both technical and economic feasibility and for its implementation in cold regions in Bolivia. The system features a solar collector vacuum tube which is connected by pipes to a heat exchanger. A pump is used for circulating the hot fluid to the heat exchanger, a fan is used to heat the cold air in the room and to accelerate the heat transfer process in the heat exchanger. The solar heating system has a thermostat to control the temperature in the room, to optimize the available solar energy and to reduce the electric consumption of the water pump and air fan. The solar heating system was able to reach the desire temperature in the room in 3 hours, the rest of the time the thermal collector stored the remaining solar energy in the water tank that will be used the next day.An electric heating system of 4 kW was used to heat the same room under the same conditions as the solar heating system. As a benefit, a monthly electricity savings of 163.1 kWh was achieved with the solar heating system that represents an estimated cost savings of 23.4 $US of electricity. By reducing power consumption, gas emissions greenhouse was also reduced in 81.5 kgCO2. For this specific case of study and considering the solar heating system is working all year, a payback time of 5.3 years can be obtained. As an important parameter, one square meter of solar thermal evacuated tubes can heat a room of 16.5 m².
This work presents the implementation of a solar heating system that uses thermal vacuum tubes to heat a thermal fluid: Solar energy is used as a primary energy source. The stored energy is used to heat a room with an area of 45.5 square meters. The system was developed in order to determine both technical and economic feasibility and for its implementation in cold regions in Bolivia. The system features a solar collector vacuum tube which is connected by pipes to a heat exchanger. A pump is used for circulating the hot fluid to the heat exchanger, a fan is used to heat the cold air in the room and to accelerate the heat transfer process in the heat exchanger. The solar heating system has a thermostat to control the temperature in the room, to optimize the available solar energy and to reduce the electric consumption of the water pump and air fan. The solar heating system was able to reach the desire temperature in the room in 3 hours, the rest of the time the thermal collector stored the remaining solar energy in the water tank that will be used the next day.An electric heating system of 4 kW was used to heat the same room under the same conditions as the solar heating system. As a benefit, a monthly electricity savings of 163.1 kWh was achieved with the solar heating system that represents an estimated cost savings of 23.4 $US of electricity. By reducing power consumption, gas emissions greenhouse was also reduced in 81.5 kgCO2. For this specific case of study and considering the solar heating system is working all year, a payback time of 5.3 years can be obtained. As an important parameter, one square meter of solar thermal evacuated tubes can heat a room of 16.5 m².
Description
Vol. 1, No. 16