Caracterización de fincas productoras de café (Coffea arabica L.) orgánico y convencional en la zona de Intag, Ecuador
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Abstract
El cultivo de café (Coffea arabica L.) en Ecuador tiene importancia económica en las exportaciones, además las zonas andinas poseen condiciones para un café de altura de excelente calidad; el objetivo del estudio fue caracterizar las fincas productoras de café de la zona de Intag, Ecuador. Se trabajó con una población de 273 fincas cafeteras de donde se obtuvo una muestra (n=116) productores; la encuesta incluyó preguntas de aspectos socioeconómicos y técnicos. Se realizó un análisis de correspondencia mediante información mutua en RStudio, con la finalidad de verificar si existe relación entre las variables categóricas, en segunda instancia se realizó una Correlación de Person mediante análisis de correlación con un modelo lineal generalizado con elastic nets (Machine Learning Models) y un cruce de validación para separar los datos numéricos, a fin de determinar un modelo de regresión logística. Los resultados muestran fincas cafeteras orgánicas organizadas y asociadas, donde prevalece los minifundios, falta de innovación tecnológica y bajos rendimientos; poseen gran diversidad de cultivos en asocio mediante sistemas agroforestales donde prevalece Musa spp. Manihot esculenta C. y Alnus nepalensis D. con café, además, la producción de animales de granja permite que se generen mayores ingresos familiares y bio insumos para las fincas. El sistema de comercialización es mediante dos asociaciones en modalidad orgánica y convencional para la elaboración de cafés especiales de venta local e internacional. El análisis de conglomerados mostró dos grupos, uno de 84 fincas orgánicas (69 %) y otro de 32 fincas convencionales (31 %). El primer grupo cultiva Typica (45 %) y Bourbon (55 %), tienen mejor manejo del agroecosistema y uso de microorganismos benéficos para combatir plagas y enfermedades, por lo que obtienen mejor precio en la comercialización mediante certificación orgánica.
The cultivation of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) in Ecuador is economically important for exports, and the Andean regions provide ideal conditions for high-quality altitude coffee. The objective of this study was to characterize coffee- producing farms in the Intag region, Ecuador. The study involved a population of 273 coffee farms, from which a sample of 116 producers was obtained. The survey included questions related to socioeconomic and technical aspects. A correspondence analysis using mutual information was conducted in RStudio to verify relationships between categorical variables. Additionally, Pearson correlation analysis was performed using a generalized linear model with elastic nets (Machine Learning models) and cross-validation to separate numerical data to determine a logistic regression model. The results show that the coffee farms are mainly organic, organized, and associated, with small-scale farms, lack of technological innovation, and low yields. These farms exhibit a high diversity of crops through agroforestry systems, primarily Musa spp., Manihot esculenta C., and Alnus nepalensis D. alongside coffee. Additionally, livestock production contributes to increased family income and bio-inputs for the farms. The marketing system operates through two associations, one organic and the other conventional, focused on producing specialty coffees for local and international markets. The cluster analysis identified two groups: one with 84 organic farms (69%) and another with 32 conventional farms (31 %). The first group cultivates Typica (45 %) and Bourbon (55 %), has better agroecosystem management, and uses beneficial microorganisms to combat pests and diseases, resulting in higher market prices due to organic certification.
The cultivation of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) in Ecuador is economically important for exports, and the Andean regions provide ideal conditions for high-quality altitude coffee. The objective of this study was to characterize coffee- producing farms in the Intag region, Ecuador. The study involved a population of 273 coffee farms, from which a sample of 116 producers was obtained. The survey included questions related to socioeconomic and technical aspects. A correspondence analysis using mutual information was conducted in RStudio to verify relationships between categorical variables. Additionally, Pearson correlation analysis was performed using a generalized linear model with elastic nets (Machine Learning models) and cross-validation to separate numerical data to determine a logistic regression model. The results show that the coffee farms are mainly organic, organized, and associated, with small-scale farms, lack of technological innovation, and low yields. These farms exhibit a high diversity of crops through agroforestry systems, primarily Musa spp., Manihot esculenta C., and Alnus nepalensis D. alongside coffee. Additionally, livestock production contributes to increased family income and bio-inputs for the farms. The marketing system operates through two associations, one organic and the other conventional, focused on producing specialty coffees for local and international markets. The cluster analysis identified two groups: one with 84 organic farms (69%) and another with 32 conventional farms (31 %). The first group cultivates Typica (45 %) and Bourbon (55 %), has better agroecosystem management, and uses beneficial microorganisms to combat pests and diseases, resulting in higher market prices due to organic certification.
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Vol. 11, No. 3