Unraveling ADHD: Evidence, controversies, and new therapeutic opportunities

Abstract

Introduction. ADHD is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders, affecting millions of children and adults worldwide. The significance of ADHD extends far beyond its prevalence. It impacts multiple areas of life, including academic achievement, job performance, relationships, and mental health. Significant challenges remain in terms of diagnosis and treatment. Methods. A search for information was conducted from January to June 2025 in the databases SciELO, Scopus, PubMed/MedLine, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, as well as Clinical Keys services. From the resulting documents, those written in the last 10 years were selected; this time range was prioritized; some systematic reviews covered broader periods, such as the last 5 years, the last 10 years, or even did not apply a specific date limit. Conclusions. Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) represents a multifactorial challenge that transcends the clinical context to involve neurobiological, psychosocial, and cultural dimensions. Empowering patients and their families through psychoeducation strengthens understanding of the disorder, especially in vulnerable populations such as children, adolescents, and young adults. Investing in research, therapeutic innovation, and equitable public policies will be key to transforming ADHD care into a real opportunity to improve the quality of life for those who suffer from it.