Evaluación de la demanda de los recursos hídricos en el riego tradicional de la cuenca Azanaques
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Abstract
Las condiciones climáticas adversas del departamento de Oruro se caracterizan por las bajas precipitaciones y alta evapotranspiración que limitan la producción de cultivos y forrajes, por estas razones los agricultores se ven en la necesidad de recurrir al riego complementario. Para este fin utilizan agua de los ríos de la cuenca Poopó entre las cuales se encuentra el río Azanaque que es la única fuente de agua disponible para el riego y para el consumo animal. Bajo las características actuales del riego tradicional parcelario en las zonas de estudio, el objetivo principal de la investigación fue cuantificar, evaluar y describir la demanda de los recursos hídricos aplicados al riego a nivel parcelario, debido a que no se conoce si las láminas aplicadas se encuentran por encima o por debajo de los requerimientos reales del cultivo, si su manejo en la aplicación presenta eficiencias aceptables, o si está influenciada por la organización y gestión del riego. La metodología consistió en realizar el muestreo de suelos, mediciones de la humedad del suelo, pruebas de infiltración y estimación del balance hídrico parcelario, concluyéndose que el agua del río Azanaque tiene un pH promedio de 5.22 clasificado como normal a moderadamente ácido con bajo contenido de sodio y boro, puede ser utilizado sin restricción en la mayoría de los suelos y cultivos. El volumen hídrico ofertado en la cuenca es menor en la mayor parte del ciclo de los cultivos a excepción del periodo comprendido entre los meses de febrero a abril donde la oferta es mayor debido principalmente a las bajas eficiencias de riego de los sistemas.
The adverse climatic conditions of the department of Oruro are characterized by the low rainfall and high evapotranspiration that limitthe production of crops and fodder, forthese reasons farmers are in need of resorting to complementary irrigation. Forthis purpose they use water from the rivers of the Poopó basin, among which is the Azanaque River, which is the only source of water available for irrigation and for animal consumption. Under the current characteristics of traditional irrigation in the study areas, the main objective of the research was to quantify, evaluate and describe the demand of water resources applied to irrigation atthe parcel level, because it is not known whetherthe applied Are above or below actual crop requirements if their management in the application presents acceptable efficiencies or if it is influenced by the organization and management of irrigation. The methodology consisted in soil sampling, soil moisture measurements, infiltration tests and estimation of the plot water balance. It was concluded that Azanaque river water has an average pH of 5.22 classified as normal to moderately acid with low Sodium and boron, can be used without restriction in mostsoils and crops. The water volume offered in the basin is lower in most of the crop cycle except forthe period from February to April, where the supply is higherdue mainly to the low irrigation efficiencies of the systems.
The adverse climatic conditions of the department of Oruro are characterized by the low rainfall and high evapotranspiration that limitthe production of crops and fodder, forthese reasons farmers are in need of resorting to complementary irrigation. Forthis purpose they use water from the rivers of the Poopó basin, among which is the Azanaque River, which is the only source of water available for irrigation and for animal consumption. Under the current characteristics of traditional irrigation in the study areas, the main objective of the research was to quantify, evaluate and describe the demand of water resources applied to irrigation atthe parcel level, because it is not known whetherthe applied Are above or below actual crop requirements if their management in the application presents acceptable efficiencies or if it is influenced by the organization and management of irrigation. The methodology consisted in soil sampling, soil moisture measurements, infiltration tests and estimation of the plot water balance. It was concluded that Azanaque river water has an average pH of 5.22 classified as normal to moderately acid with low Sodium and boron, can be used without restriction in mostsoils and crops. The water volume offered in the basin is lower in most of the crop cycle except forthe period from February to April, where the supply is higherdue mainly to the low irrigation efficiencies of the systems.
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Vol. 4, No. 1