Approach of the epidemiological situation of Coxiella burnetii in South America: Epidemiological situation of Coxiella burnetii in South America

Abstract

Background: Coxiella burnetii is recognized as the causative agent of Q fever, a zoonotic disease affecting both humans and animals. It exhibits antigenic variation in two phases: Phase I and Phase II. The latter is primarily linked to the acute form of Q fever, characterized by symptoms such as pneumonia and hepatitis. This acute manifestation can affect various mammal species includes humans. Objective: Due to the limited information available in South America, we conducted a review of its epidemiology between the years 2000 and 2020 to consolidate data. This review was complemented by an assessment of the presence of IgG Phase II antibodies in a population in Córdoba, Colombia. Results: Epidemiological data revealed the presence of this pathogen in humans, animals, and even food sources, with variable seropositivity rates varying by region for both humans and animals. Notably, most registered cases in humans were associated with the acute phase, while most animals displayed reproductive issues. The evaluation of IgG Phase II antibodies in the population of Córdoba, indicated a seropositivity rate of 4.52%. Conclusion: These findings underscore the reality that C. burnetii poses a significant and possibly underestimated threat in Latino America and Colombia.