Pulmón artificial: Un enfoque de ingeniería biomédica

Abstract

This study explores recent advances in artificial lung technology from a biomedical engineering perspective, addressing the urgent need for alternatives to lung transplantation due to organ shortages and the rising prevalence of chronic respiratory diseases, such as COPD and pulmonary fibrosis. The analysis spans from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), used as temporary support, to implantable artificial lungs designed to autonomously replicate respiratory function. Key innovations are highlighted, including advanced biomaterials, microengineering, and 3D bioprinting aimed at enhancing biocompatibility and reducing coagulation and immune rejection risks. Notably, the decellularization of donated lungs and their repopulation with autologous cells emerges as a promising approach, offering sustainable solutions with reduced immunosuppression needs. Furthermore, biohybrid models and biomimetic microchanneled devices have demonstrated improved gas exchange efficiency and minimal inflammatory response. The development of implantable artificial lungs is thus positioned as a viable and innovative solution for chronic lung failure, requiring a multidisciplinary approach integrating biomedical engineering, biotechnology, and regenerative medicine.