Diagnóstico y rehabilitación de bofedales afectados por pasivos ambientales mineros
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REV. MAMYM
Abstract
Los bofedales así como la mayoría de los ecosistemas altoandinos están sometidos a presiones antrópicas y/o naturales, la rehabilitación de estos ecosistemas ecológicos suele ser costosa especialmente cuando se requieren obras de ingeniería. Estas actuaciones representan un alto nivel de riesgo ya que hay que garantizar la implantación de formaciones vegetales que se establecen en un ambiente edáfico, principalmente orgánico, caracterizado por una condición hídrica de saturación permanente, presentando una gran diversidad biológica respecto del entorno. En el presente trabajo se presenta los trabajos de rehabilitación y recuperación de áreas que fueron afectadas por descargas de antiguas labores mineras y aportes naturales debido a la presencia de vetas mineralizadas de sulfuros y de carbón que afloran hasta superficie. Para emprender los trabajos de rehabilitación se realizó un diagnóstico detallado del sitio (características climáticas, geológicas, hidrológicas, caracterización y determinación de la calidad del suelo, descripción detallada de las características ecológicas, florísticas y agrostológicas del bofedal afectado). Así como, el contenido de materia orgánica que proviene de restos vegetales (raíces, hojas, etc) organismos y microrganismos propios de bofedal, que se encuentran en proceso de descomposición, con alto contenido de carbono. Con la información recogida se propone las acciones de mejora y recuperación que van desde trabajos de ingeniería para preparar superficies estables y lograr espacios y condiciones de zonas húmedas compuestas por isletas o bloques colocados en forma de cojines y constituidos por formaciones de vegetación propiamente de bofedal y su soporte edáfico formado por turba y materia orgánica, circundadas por canales perimetrales y de interior que mantenían los niveles de inundación en la áreas rehabilitadas, para alcanzar la integridad biológica e hidrológica y la estabilidad del sistema del bofedal recuperado.
The wetlands as well as most of the high Andean ecosystems are subject to anthropic and / or natural pressures, the rehabilitation of these ecological ecosystems is usually expensive, especially when engineering works are required. These actions represent a high level of risk since it is necessary to guarantee the implantation of plant formations that are established in an edaphic environment, mainly organic, characterized by a permanent water saturation condition, presenting a great biological diversity with respect to the environment. This paper presents the rehabilitation and recovery works of areas that were affected by discharges from old mining works and natural contributions due to the presence of mineralized veins of sulfides and coal that outcrop to the surface. To undertake the rehabilitation work, a detailed diagnosis of the site was carried out (climatic, geological, hydrological characteristics, characterization and determination of the quality of the soil, detailed description of the ecological, floristic and agrostological characteristics of the affected wetland). As well as, the content of organic matter that comes from plant remains (roots, leaves, etc.), organisms and microorganisms typical of wetlands, which are in the process of decomposition, with high carbon content. With the information collected, improvement and recovery actions are proposed, ranging from engineering work to preparing stable surfaces and achieving spaces and conditions of humid areas composed of islets or blocks placed in the shape of cushions and constituted by vegetation formations properly of wetland and its edaphic support formed by peat and organic matter, surrounded by perimeter and interior channels that maintained the flood levels in the rehabilitated areas, to achieve the biological and hydrological integrity and the stability of the recovered wetland system.
The wetlands as well as most of the high Andean ecosystems are subject to anthropic and / or natural pressures, the rehabilitation of these ecological ecosystems is usually expensive, especially when engineering works are required. These actions represent a high level of risk since it is necessary to guarantee the implantation of plant formations that are established in an edaphic environment, mainly organic, characterized by a permanent water saturation condition, presenting a great biological diversity with respect to the environment. This paper presents the rehabilitation and recovery works of areas that were affected by discharges from old mining works and natural contributions due to the presence of mineralized veins of sulfides and coal that outcrop to the surface. To undertake the rehabilitation work, a detailed diagnosis of the site was carried out (climatic, geological, hydrological characteristics, characterization and determination of the quality of the soil, detailed description of the ecological, floristic and agrostological characteristics of the affected wetland). As well as, the content of organic matter that comes from plant remains (roots, leaves, etc.), organisms and microorganisms typical of wetlands, which are in the process of decomposition, with high carbon content. With the information collected, improvement and recovery actions are proposed, ranging from engineering work to preparing stable surfaces and achieving spaces and conditions of humid areas composed of islets or blocks placed in the shape of cushions and constituted by vegetation formations properly of wetland and its edaphic support formed by peat and organic matter, surrounded by perimeter and interior channels that maintained the flood levels in the rehabilitated areas, to achieve the biological and hydrological integrity and the stability of the recovered wetland system.
Description
Vol. 6, No. 1