Causas directas de la deforestación reciente (2000-2010) y modelado de dos escenarios futuros en las tierras bajas de Bolivia
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Ecología en Bolivia
Abstract
Se presentan los resultados de un estudio detallado sobre la dinámica de deforestación en las tierras bajas de Bolivia ocurrida entre 2000 y 2010. Específicamente se analizaron los tres usos del suelo que constituyen las principales causas de deforestación (ganadería en pastos sembrados, agricultura mecanizada y agricultura a pequeña escala). Si bien la agricultura mecanizada (producción de soya) fue la principal causa de deforestación en los 90's, los resultados presentados aquí sugieren que en la última década la ganadería fue la principal causa de deforestación, causando más del 50% de la deforestación con un impacto muy fuerte en la Chiquitanía. La agricultura mecanizada contribuyó con un 30% a la pérdida de bosques, mientras que aquella de pequeña escala fue responsable del ca. 18% de la deforestación. Las tendencias futuras de expansión agropecuaria fueron evaluadas utilizando un modelo espacial de regresión logística, basado en variables independientes ambientales (como climáticas), socioeconómicas (accesibilidad de mercados) y políticas (presencia de áreas protegidas). Fueron elaborados dos escenarios de deforestación hasta 2040, uno negativo sin cambios en las dinámicas de deforestación y uno positivo o conservacionista. Se identificaron áreas con alto valor de conservación amenazadas por la posible expansión de la deforestación al norte del departamento de Santa Cruz y al pie de la Cordillera Oriental norte. Los resultados apuntan a la gran importancia de controlar la expansión de la ganadería, por ejemplo, mediante la aplicación más consecuente de las leyes existentes y la aplicación de técnicas pecuarias para un aprovechamiento más eficiente del suelo.
We present a detailed study of the dynamics of deforestation in the Bolivian lowlands between 2000 and 2010. In the first analysis, we evaluate the contributions of the three main proximate causes of deforestation: Mechanized agriculture, small-scale agriculture and cattle ranching in replacement of forests. The impact of cattle ranching was strong and incrementing, causing over 50% of deforestation between 2000 and 2010, with a very strong impact in the Chiquitania region. Mechanized agriculture, mainly for soy production, expanded with a lower intensity than in the 1990s, causing some 30% of forest conversion between 2000-2010. The contribution of small-scale agriculture was about 18%. We also evaluated possible future trends of agricultural expansion, applying a multinomial spatial model of logistic regression, based on a series of independent variables representing environmental factors (such as rainfall), socioeconomic factors (such as access to markets) and political factors (such as the presence of protected areas). The results were compared with different classifications that represent the conservation value of the threatened forests, allowing for the identification of possible priority areas for the mitigation of deforestation. Such areas are mainly found in the north of the department of Santa Cruz and at the northern Andean foothills. The results suggest that for the reduction of deforestation, it will be crucial to control the expansion of cattle ranching, for example by an enforcement of existing legislation, but also by applying practices that allow for a more efficient use of pastures.
We present a detailed study of the dynamics of deforestation in the Bolivian lowlands between 2000 and 2010. In the first analysis, we evaluate the contributions of the three main proximate causes of deforestation: Mechanized agriculture, small-scale agriculture and cattle ranching in replacement of forests. The impact of cattle ranching was strong and incrementing, causing over 50% of deforestation between 2000 and 2010, with a very strong impact in the Chiquitania region. Mechanized agriculture, mainly for soy production, expanded with a lower intensity than in the 1990s, causing some 30% of forest conversion between 2000-2010. The contribution of small-scale agriculture was about 18%. We also evaluated possible future trends of agricultural expansion, applying a multinomial spatial model of logistic regression, based on a series of independent variables representing environmental factors (such as rainfall), socioeconomic factors (such as access to markets) and political factors (such as the presence of protected areas). The results were compared with different classifications that represent the conservation value of the threatened forests, allowing for the identification of possible priority areas for the mitigation of deforestation. Such areas are mainly found in the north of the department of Santa Cruz and at the northern Andean foothills. The results suggest that for the reduction of deforestation, it will be crucial to control the expansion of cattle ranching, for example by an enforcement of existing legislation, but also by applying practices that allow for a more efficient use of pastures.
Description
Vol. 49, No. 1